Noninvasive Stimulation of Neurotypic Cells Using Persistent Photoconductivity of Gallium Nitride

[Image: see text] The persistent photoconductivity (PPC) of the n-type Ga-polar GaN was used to stimulate PC12 cells noninvasively. Analysis of the III–V semiconductor material by atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, photoconductivity, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy quantified bulk and surface charge, as well as chemical composition before and after exposure to UV light and cell culture media. The semiconductor surface was made photoconductive by illumination with UV light and experienced PPC, which was utilized to stimulate PC12 cells in vitro. Stimulation was confirmed by measuring the changes in intracellular calcium concentration. Control experiments with gallium salt verified the stimulation of neurotypic cells. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data confirmed the lack of gallium leaching and toxic effects during the stimulation.