Increased testicular blood flow maintains oxygen delivery and avoids testicular hypoxia in response to reduced oxygen content in inspired air

Despite a long-standing assertion that mammalian testes operate near hypoxia and increased testicular temperature causes frank hypoxia, we have preliminary evidence that changes are due to hyperthermia per se. The objective was to determine how variations in inspired oxygen concentration affected testicular blood flow, oxygen delivery and extraction, testicular temperature and lactate production. Eight rams were maintained under general anesthesia, with successive decreases in oxygen concentration in inspired air (100, 21 and 13%, respectively). As oxygen concentration decreased from 100 to 13%, there were increases in testicular blood flow (9.6 ± 1.7 vs 12.9 ± 1.9 ml/min/100 g of testis, P < 0.05; mean ± SEM) and conductance (normalized flow; 0.46 ± 0.07 to 1.28 ± 0.19 ml/min/mm Hg/100 g testis (P < 0.05). Increased testicular blood flow maintained oxygen delivery and increased testicular temperature by ~1 °C; this increase was correlated to increased testicular blood flow (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, oxygen utilization increased concomitantly and there were no significant differences among oxygen concentrations in blood pH, HCO(3)− or base excess, and no effects of venous-arterial differences in lactate production. In conclusion, under acute hypoxic conditions, testes maintained oxygen delivery and uptake by increasing blood flow and oxygen extraction, with no evidence of anaerobic metabolism. However, additional studies are needed to determine longer-term responses and potential evidence of anaerobic metabolism at the molecular level.