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Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons

Parallel measurements of PM(1) and PM(2.5) aerosols were conducted in the urbanized coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main aim of the research was to assess and determine annual, seasonal (heating and non-heating), and daily concentration variability of benzo(a)pyrene in aerosols, these b...

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Autores principales: Lewandowska, Anita Urszula, Staniszewska, Marta, Witkowska, Agnieszka, Machuta, Magdalena, Falkowska, Lucyna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6061507/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29728975
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2089-9
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author Lewandowska, Anita Urszula
Staniszewska, Marta
Witkowska, Agnieszka
Machuta, Magdalena
Falkowska, Lucyna
author_facet Lewandowska, Anita Urszula
Staniszewska, Marta
Witkowska, Agnieszka
Machuta, Magdalena
Falkowska, Lucyna
author_sort Lewandowska, Anita Urszula
collection PubMed
description Parallel measurements of PM(1) and PM(2.5) aerosols were conducted in the urbanized coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main aim of the research was to assess and determine annual, seasonal (heating and non-heating), and daily concentration variability of benzo(a)pyrene in aerosols, these being the most dangerous constituents to human health. The average annual concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was equal to 2.6 ng·m(−3) in PM(1) and 4.6 ng·m(−3) in PM(2.5), and both values were several times higher than the level of 1 ng·m(−3) which was set out in the CAFE Directive. High mean daily concentrations of B(a)P persisted for 50 and 65% of the study period in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. In order to determine the sources of B(a)P in both aerosol fractions, organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon concentrations were examined. The highest concentrations of all carbon species were reported during the heating season under local or regional land advection and at low air temperatures. The origin of pollutants was the same and was primarily related to the combustion of fossil fuels in the communal-utility sector. During the non-heating period, the role of transportation, both land and marine, increased and may have been significant in creating higher concentrations of carbon compounds in PM(1) and PM(2.5). Regardless of the size of the aerosol fractions, B(a)P loads introduced into the Baltic coastal zone were several times higher during the heating period compared to the non-heating season. [Figure: see text]
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spelling pubmed-60615072018-08-09 Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons Lewandowska, Anita Urszula Staniszewska, Marta Witkowska, Agnieszka Machuta, Magdalena Falkowska, Lucyna Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article Parallel measurements of PM(1) and PM(2.5) aerosols were conducted in the urbanized coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The main aim of the research was to assess and determine annual, seasonal (heating and non-heating), and daily concentration variability of benzo(a)pyrene in aerosols, these being the most dangerous constituents to human health. The average annual concentration of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was equal to 2.6 ng·m(−3) in PM(1) and 4.6 ng·m(−3) in PM(2.5), and both values were several times higher than the level of 1 ng·m(−3) which was set out in the CAFE Directive. High mean daily concentrations of B(a)P persisted for 50 and 65% of the study period in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. In order to determine the sources of B(a)P in both aerosol fractions, organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon concentrations were examined. The highest concentrations of all carbon species were reported during the heating season under local or regional land advection and at low air temperatures. The origin of pollutants was the same and was primarily related to the combustion of fossil fuels in the communal-utility sector. During the non-heating period, the role of transportation, both land and marine, increased and may have been significant in creating higher concentrations of carbon compounds in PM(1) and PM(2.5). Regardless of the size of the aerosol fractions, B(a)P loads introduced into the Baltic coastal zone were several times higher during the heating period compared to the non-heating season. [Figure: see text] Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018-05-05 2018 /pmc/articles/PMC6061507/ /pubmed/29728975 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2089-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
spellingShingle Research Article
Lewandowska, Anita Urszula
Staniszewska, Marta
Witkowska, Agnieszka
Machuta, Magdalena
Falkowska, Lucyna
Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title_full Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title_fullStr Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title_full_unstemmed Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title_short Benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in PM(1) and PM(2.5) in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
title_sort benzo(a)pyrene parallel measurements in pm(1) and pm(2.5) in the coastal zone of the gulf of gdansk (baltic sea) in the heating and non-heating seasons
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6061507/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29728975
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2089-9
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