Hypoxia and IF(1) Expression Promote ROS Decrease in Cancer Cells

The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the metabolic reprogramming of cells adapted to hypoxia and the interplay between ROS and hypoxia in malignancy is under debate. Here, we examined how ROS levels are modulated by hypoxia in human cancer compared to untransformed cells. Short time exposure (20 min) of either fibroblasts or 143B osteosarcoma cells to low oxygen tension down to 0.5% induced a significant decrease of the cellular ROS level, as detected by the CellROX fluorescent probe (−70%). Prolonging the cells’ exposure to hypoxia for 24 h, ROS decreased further, reaching nearly 20% of the normoxic value. In this regard, due to the debated role of the endogenous inhibitor protein (IF(1)) of the ATP synthase complex in cancer cell bioenergetics, we investigated whether IF(1) is involved in the control of ROS generation under severe hypoxic conditions. A significant ROS content decrease was observed in hypoxia in both IF(1)-expressing and IF(1)- silenced cells compared to normoxia. However, IF(1)-silenced cells showed higher ROS levels compared to IF1-containing cells. In addition, the MitoSOX Red-measured superoxide level of all the hypoxic cells was significantly lower compared to normoxia; however, the decrease was milder than the marked drop of ROS content. Accordingly, the difference between IF(1)-expressing and IF(1)-silenced cells was smaller but significant in both normoxia and hypoxia. In conclusion, the interplay between ROS and hypoxia and its modulation by IF(1) have to be taken into account to develop therapeutic strategies against cancer.