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l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health
Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073798/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30029482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070921 |
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author | Allerton, Timothy D. Proctor, David N. Stephens, Jacqueline M. Dugas, Tammy R. Spielmann, Guillaume Irving, Brian A. |
author_facet | Allerton, Timothy D. Proctor, David N. Stephens, Jacqueline M. Dugas, Tammy R. Spielmann, Guillaume Irving, Brian A. |
author_sort | Allerton, Timothy D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral l-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. l-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling l-arginine. Unlike l-arginine, l-citrulline is not quantitatively extracted from the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enterocytes) or liver and its supplementation is therefore more effective at increasing l-arginine levels and NO synthesis. Supplementation with l-citrulline has shown promise as a blood pressure lowering intervention (both resting and stress-induced) in adults with pre-/hypertension, with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection. Preliminary evidence is also available for l-citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible/older populations. In this review, we examine the impact of supplementing this important urea cycle intermediate on cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes and identify future directions for investigating its therapeutic impact on cardiometabolic health. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6073798 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-60737982018-08-13 l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health Allerton, Timothy D. Proctor, David N. Stephens, Jacqueline M. Dugas, Tammy R. Spielmann, Guillaume Irving, Brian A. Nutrients Review Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral l-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. l-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling l-arginine. Unlike l-arginine, l-citrulline is not quantitatively extracted from the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enterocytes) or liver and its supplementation is therefore more effective at increasing l-arginine levels and NO synthesis. Supplementation with l-citrulline has shown promise as a blood pressure lowering intervention (both resting and stress-induced) in adults with pre-/hypertension, with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection. Preliminary evidence is also available for l-citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible/older populations. In this review, we examine the impact of supplementing this important urea cycle intermediate on cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes and identify future directions for investigating its therapeutic impact on cardiometabolic health. MDPI 2018-07-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6073798/ /pubmed/30029482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070921 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Allerton, Timothy D. Proctor, David N. Stephens, Jacqueline M. Dugas, Tammy R. Spielmann, Guillaume Irving, Brian A. l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title | l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title_full | l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title_fullStr | l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title_full_unstemmed | l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title_short | l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health |
title_sort | l-citrulline supplementation: impact on cardiometabolic health |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6073798/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30029482 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070921 |
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