Application of the ESRI Geostatistical Analyst for Determining the Adequacy and Sample Size Requirements of Ozone Distribution Models in the Carpathian and Sierra Nevada Mountains

Models of O(3) distribution in two mountain ranges, the Carpathians in Central Europe and the Sierra Nevada in California were constructed using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst extension (ESRI, Redlands, CA) using kriging and cokriging methods. The adequacy of the spatially interpolated ozone (O(3)) concentrations and sample size requirements for ozone passive samplers was also examined. In case of the Carpathian Mountains, only a general surface of O(3) distribution could be obtained, partially due to a weak correlation between O(3) concentration and elevation, and partially due to small numbers of unevenly distributed sample sites. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the O(3) monitoring network was much denser and more evenly distributed, and additional climatologic information was available. As a result the estimated surfaces were more precise and reliable than those created for the Carpathians. The final maps of O(3) concentrations for Sierra Nevada were derived from cokriging algorithm based on two secondary variables — elevation and maximum temperature as well as the determined geographic trend. Evenly distributed and sufficient numbers of sample points are a key factor for model accuracy and reliability.