An efficiently tuned d-orbital occupation of IrO(2) by doping with Cu for enhancing the oxygen evolution reaction activity

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been regarded as a key half reaction for energy conversion technologies and requires high energy to create O[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) seem to be a promising and appealing solution to the challenge because of the diversity of their d-orbital states. We chose IrO(2) as a model because it is universally accepted as a current state-of-the-art OER catalyst. In this study, copper-doped IrO(2), particularly Cu(0.3)Ir(0.7)O(δ), is shown to significantly improve the OER activity in acidic, neutral and basic solutions compared to un-doped IrO(2). The substituted amount of Cu in IrO(2) has a limit described by the Cu(0.3)Ir(0.7)O(δ) composition. We determined that the performance of Cu(0.3)Ir(0.7)O(δ) is due primarily to an increase in the Jahn–Teller effect in the CuO(6) octahedra, and partially to oxygen defects in the lattice induced by the IrO(6) octahedral geometric structure distortions, which enhance the lift degeneracy of the t(2g) and e(g) orbitals, making the d(z)(2) orbital partially occupied. This phenomenon efficiently reduces the difference between ΔG2 and ΔG3 in the free energy from the density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations and can yield a lower theoretical overpotential comparable to that of IrO(2). The proposed method of doping with foreign elements to tune the electron occupation between the t(2g) and e(g) orbital states of Ir creates an opportunity for designing effective OER catalysts using the TMO groups.