A cancer vaccine approach for personalized treatment of Lynch Syndrome

Lynch syndrome (LS) is a cancer predisposition disorder wherein patients have a 70–80% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancers (CRC). Finding germline mutations in predisposing genes allows for risk assessment of CRC development. Here we report a germline heterozygous frame-shift mutation in the mismatch repair MLH1 gene which was identified in members of two unrelated LS families. Since defects in DNA mismatch repair genes generate frame-shift mutations giving rise to highly immunogenic neoepitopes, we postulated that vaccination with these mutant peptide antigens could offer promising treatment options to LS patients. To this end we performed whole-exome and RNA seq analysis on the blood and tumour samples from an LS-CRC patient, and used our proprietary neoepitope prioritization pipeline OncoPeptVAC to select peptides, and confirm their immunogenicity in an ex vivo CD8(+) T cell activation assay. Three neoepitopes derived from the tumour of this patient elicited a potent CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, analysis of the tumour-associated immune infiltrate revealed CD8(+) T cells expressing low levels of activation markers, suggesting mechanisms of immune suppression at play in this relapsed tumour. Taken together, our study paves the way towards development of a cancer vaccine to treat or delay the onset/relapse of LS-CRC.