Surgical Experience of a Case of Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Left Common Iliac Artery That Presented as Acute Heart Failure Involving an Arteriovenous Fistula

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the left common iliac artery with development of an arteriovenous fistula is extremely rare. Here we report the case of a 78-year-old woman with primary vascular leiomyosarcoma that presented as acute heart failure involving an arteriovenous fistula. She underwent surgery; however, after the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma, she did not seek active treatment. She died 8 months after the surgery. This case report supports the need to document and follow-up a primary leiomyosarcoma of the iliac artery, especially when a case includes the presentation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Vascular leiomyosarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an AVF.