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Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition

BACKGROUND: Since available arable land is limited and nitrogen fertilizers pollute the environment, cropping systems ought to be developed that do not rely on them. Here we investigate the rapidly growing, N(2)‐fixing Azolla/Nostoc symbiosis for its potential productivity and chemical composition t...

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Autores principales: Brouwer, Paul, Schluepmann, Henriette, Nierop, Klaas GJ, Elderson, Janneke, Bijl, Peter K, van der Meer, Ingrid, de Visser, Willem, Reichart, Gert‐Jan, Smeekens, Sjef, van der Werf, Adrie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6099237/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29573358
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9016
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author Brouwer, Paul
Schluepmann, Henriette
Nierop, Klaas GJ
Elderson, Janneke
Bijl, Peter K
van der Meer, Ingrid
de Visser, Willem
Reichart, Gert‐Jan
Smeekens, Sjef
van der Werf, Adrie
author_facet Brouwer, Paul
Schluepmann, Henriette
Nierop, Klaas GJ
Elderson, Janneke
Bijl, Peter K
van der Meer, Ingrid
de Visser, Willem
Reichart, Gert‐Jan
Smeekens, Sjef
van der Werf, Adrie
author_sort Brouwer, Paul
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Since available arable land is limited and nitrogen fertilizers pollute the environment, cropping systems ought to be developed that do not rely on them. Here we investigate the rapidly growing, N(2)‐fixing Azolla/Nostoc symbiosis for its potential productivity and chemical composition to determine its potential as protein feed. RESULTS: In a small production system, cultures of Azolla pinnata and Azolla filiculoides were continuously harvested for over 100 days, yielding an average productivity of 90.0–97.2 kg dry weight (DW) ha(−1) d(−1). Under ambient CO(2) levels, N(2) fixation by the fern's cyanobacterial symbionts accounted for all nitrogen in the biomass. Proteins made up 176–208 g kg(−1) DW (4.9 × total nitrogen), depending on species and CO(2) treatment, and contained more essential amino acids than protein from soybean. Elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (800 ppm) significantly boosted biomass production by 36–47%, without decreasing protein content. Choice of species and CO(2) concentrations further affected the biomass content of lipids (79–100 g kg(−1) DW) and (poly)phenols (21–69 g kg(−1) DW). CONCLUSIONS: By continuous harvesting, high protein yields can be obtained from Azolla cultures, without the need for nitrogen fertilization. High levels of (poly)phenols likely contribute to limitations in the inclusion rate of Azolla in animal diets and need further investigation. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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spelling pubmed-60992372018-08-23 Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition Brouwer, Paul Schluepmann, Henriette Nierop, Klaas GJ Elderson, Janneke Bijl, Peter K van der Meer, Ingrid de Visser, Willem Reichart, Gert‐Jan Smeekens, Sjef van der Werf, Adrie J Sci Food Agric Research Articles BACKGROUND: Since available arable land is limited and nitrogen fertilizers pollute the environment, cropping systems ought to be developed that do not rely on them. Here we investigate the rapidly growing, N(2)‐fixing Azolla/Nostoc symbiosis for its potential productivity and chemical composition to determine its potential as protein feed. RESULTS: In a small production system, cultures of Azolla pinnata and Azolla filiculoides were continuously harvested for over 100 days, yielding an average productivity of 90.0–97.2 kg dry weight (DW) ha(−1) d(−1). Under ambient CO(2) levels, N(2) fixation by the fern's cyanobacterial symbionts accounted for all nitrogen in the biomass. Proteins made up 176–208 g kg(−1) DW (4.9 × total nitrogen), depending on species and CO(2) treatment, and contained more essential amino acids than protein from soybean. Elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentrations (800 ppm) significantly boosted biomass production by 36–47%, without decreasing protein content. Choice of species and CO(2) concentrations further affected the biomass content of lipids (79–100 g kg(−1) DW) and (poly)phenols (21–69 g kg(−1) DW). CONCLUSIONS: By continuous harvesting, high protein yields can be obtained from Azolla cultures, without the need for nitrogen fertilization. High levels of (poly)phenols likely contribute to limitations in the inclusion rate of Azolla in animal diets and need further investigation. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2018-05-19 2018-09 /pmc/articles/PMC6099237/ /pubmed/29573358 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9016 Text en © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
spellingShingle Research Articles
Brouwer, Paul
Schluepmann, Henriette
Nierop, Klaas GJ
Elderson, Janneke
Bijl, Peter K
van der Meer, Ingrid
de Visser, Willem
Reichart, Gert‐Jan
Smeekens, Sjef
van der Werf, Adrie
Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title_full Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title_fullStr Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title_full_unstemmed Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title_short Growing Azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and CO(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
title_sort growing azolla to produce sustainable protein feed: the effect of differing species and co(2) concentrations on biomass productivity and chemical composition
topic Research Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6099237/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29573358
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9016
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