Effects of Elevated CO(2) on Nutritional Quality of Vegetables: A Review

Elevated atmospheric CO(2) (eCO(2)) enhances the yield of vegetables and could also affect their nutritional quality. We conducted a meta-analysis using 57 articles consisting of 1,015 observations and found that eCO(2) increased the concentrations of fructose, glucose, total soluble sugar, total antioxidant capacity, total phenols, total flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and calcium in the edible part of vegetables by 14.2%, 13.2%, 17.5%, 59.0%, 8.9%, 45.5%, 9.5%, and 8.2%, respectively, but decreased the concentrations of protein, nitrate, magnesium, iron, and zinc by 9.5%, 18.0%, 9.2%, 16.0%, and 9.4%. The concentrations of titratable acidity, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, anthocyanins, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, and manganese were not affected by eCO(2). Furthermore, we propose several approaches to improving vegetable quality based on the interaction of eCO(2) with various factors, including species, cultivars, CO(2) levels, growth stages, light, O(3) stress, nutrient, and salinity. Finally, we present a summary of the eCO(2) impact on the quality of three widely cultivated crops, namely, lettuce, tomato, and potato.