Application of Displacement Chromatography to Online Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry Improves Peptide Separation Efficiency and Detectability for the Analysis of Complex Proteomes

[Image: see text] The complexity of mammalian proteomes is a challenge in bottom-up proteomics. For a comprehensive proteome analysis, multidimensional separation strategies are necessary. Online two-dimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS) combining strong cation exchange (SCX) in the first dimension with reversed-phase (RP) chromatography in the second dimension provides a powerful approach to analyze complex proteomes. Although the combination of SCX with RP chromatography provides a good orthogonality, only a moderate separation is achieved in the first dimension for peptides with two (+2) or three (+3) positive charges. The aim of this study was to improve the performance of online SCX-RP-MS/MS by applying displacement chromatography to the first separation dimension. Compared to gradient chromatography mode (GCM), displacement chromatography mode (DCM) was expected to improve the separation of +2-peptides and +3-peptides, thus reducing complexity and increasing ionization and detectability. The results show that DCM provided a separation of +2-peptides and +3-peptides in remarkably sharp zones with a low degree of coelution, thus providing fractions with significantly higher purities compared to GCM. In particular, +2-peptides were separated over several fractions, which was not possible to achieve in GCM. The better separation in DCM resulted in a higher reproducibility and significantly higher identification rates for both peptides and proteins including a 2.6-fold increase for +2-peptides. The higher number of identified peptides in DCM resulted in significantly higher protein sequence coverages and a considerably higher number of unique peptides per protein. Compared to conventionally used salt-based GCM, DCM increased the performance of online SCX-RP-MS/MS and enabled comprehensive proteome profiling in the low microgram range.