Combinations of soil properties, carbon inputs and climate control the saturation deficit dynamics of stable soil carbon over 17-year fertilizaiton

The soil organic carbon (SOC) saturation deficit (C(sd)) of silt and clay fractions represents the potential for SOC sequestration in a stable form and can influence organic C stabilization efficiency. Little is known, however, about temporal changes of stable soil C(sd) and how it is affected by soil properties, climate and C inputs. We investigated the temporal changes in the C(sd) of fine fractions (<53 μm) and examined the factors controlling these changes at three dry-land sites with 17-year fertilizer management histories in China. The rates of change in the stable soil C(sd) under manure treatments varied from −0.72 to −1.24% yr(−1) after 17 years of fertilization, indicating that stable C levels under manure treatments were significantly higher than those under other treatments. Stable soil C(sd) was controlled by a combination of soil properties, temperature, and C inputs at all sites, and the higher variance of C(sd) of fine fractions can be explained by the soil properties (up to 50%). Furthermore, the quantity of C inputs was the most influential variable for stable soil C(sd). These results revealed key controls on stable C sequestration potential and indicated the need to develop management strategies to promote stable C sequestration under long-term intensive fertilization.