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Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America

In Latin America, zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) arising from infection by L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs, which are chronic reservoirs of L. infantum, are considered a significant risk factor for acquisition of ZVL due to their close proximity...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Brodskyn, Claudia I., Kamhawi, Shaden
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108378/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30175073
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00245
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author Brodskyn, Claudia I.
Kamhawi, Shaden
author_facet Brodskyn, Claudia I.
Kamhawi, Shaden
author_sort Brodskyn, Claudia I.
collection PubMed
description In Latin America, zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) arising from infection by L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs, which are chronic reservoirs of L. infantum, are considered a significant risk factor for acquisition of ZVL due to their close proximity to humans. In addition, as a vector-borne disease the intensity of exposure to vector sand flies can also enhance the risk of developing ZVL. Traditionally, IFN-γ and IL-10 are considered as the two main cytokines which determine the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. However, more recently, the literature has demonstrated that different mediators, such as lipid mediators (PGE-2, PGF-2 alfa, LTB-4, resolvins) and other important inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are also involved in the pathogenicity of ZVL. Analysis of a greater number of mediators allows for a more complete view of disease immunopathogenesis. Additionally, our knowledge has expanded to encompass different biomarkers associated to disease severity and healing after specific treatments. These parameters can also be used to better define new potential targets for vaccines and chemotherapy for ZVL. Here, we will provide an overview of ZVL biomarkers identified for both humans and dogs and discuss their merits and shortcomings. We will also discuss biomarkers of vector exposure as an additional tool in our arsenal to combat ZVL.
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spelling pubmed-61083782018-08-31 Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America Brodskyn, Claudia I. Kamhawi, Shaden Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology In Latin America, zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) arising from infection by L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs, which are chronic reservoirs of L. infantum, are considered a significant risk factor for acquisition of ZVL due to their close proximity to humans. In addition, as a vector-borne disease the intensity of exposure to vector sand flies can also enhance the risk of developing ZVL. Traditionally, IFN-γ and IL-10 are considered as the two main cytokines which determine the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. However, more recently, the literature has demonstrated that different mediators, such as lipid mediators (PGE-2, PGF-2 alfa, LTB-4, resolvins) and other important inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are also involved in the pathogenicity of ZVL. Analysis of a greater number of mediators allows for a more complete view of disease immunopathogenesis. Additionally, our knowledge has expanded to encompass different biomarkers associated to disease severity and healing after specific treatments. These parameters can also be used to better define new potential targets for vaccines and chemotherapy for ZVL. Here, we will provide an overview of ZVL biomarkers identified for both humans and dogs and discuss their merits and shortcomings. We will also discuss biomarkers of vector exposure as an additional tool in our arsenal to combat ZVL. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-07-26 /pmc/articles/PMC6108378/ /pubmed/30175073 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00245 Text en Copyright © 2018 Brodskyn and Kamhawi. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cellular and Infection Microbiology
Brodskyn, Claudia I.
Kamhawi, Shaden
Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title_full Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title_fullStr Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title_full_unstemmed Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title_short Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America
title_sort biomarkers for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in latin america
topic Cellular and Infection Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6108378/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30175073
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00245
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