Solvent-Antisolvent Ambient Processed Large Grain Size Perovskite Thin Films for High-Performance Solar Cells

In recent years, hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites have been widely studied for the low-cost fabrication of a wide range of optoelectronic devices, including impressive perovskite-based solar cells. Amongst the key factors influencing the performance of these devices, recent efforts have focused on tailoring the granularity and microstructure of the perovskite films. Albeit, a cost-effective technique allowing to carefully control their microstructure in ambient environmental conditions has not been realized. We report on a solvent-antisolvent ambient processed CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3−x)Cl(x) based thin films using a simple and robust solvent engineering technique to achieve large grains (>5 µm) having excellent crystalline quality and surface coverage with very low pinhole density. Using optimized treatment (75% chlorobenzene and 25% ethanol), we achieve highly-compact perovskite films with 99.97% surface coverage to produce solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up-to 14.0%. In these planar solar cells, we find that the density and size of the pinholes are the dominant factors that affect their overall performances. This work provides a promising solvent treatment technique in ambient conditions and paves the way for further optimization of large area thin films and high performance perovskite solar cells.