Extracellular vesicles-mediated signaling in the osteosarcoma microenvironment: Roles and potential therapeutic targets

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic malignant tumor of bone in children. It is usually characterized by a high risk of developing lung metastasis and poor prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles with a small size of 50–200 nm in diameter. As a communicator, the contents of the EVs secreted via either fusing with lysosomes for degradation and recycling or fusing with the cell plasma membrane into the extracellular environment, which play an important role in regulating the tumor microenvironment of OS and mediating the Wnt/β-catenin and TGF-β signalings. Increasing evidences suggest that EVs have significant role in OS growth, progression, metastasis and drug resistance. In this study, the roles of EVs in the physiology and pathogenesis of OS and the potential attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of OS were reviewed.