Successful surgical treatment with ex vivo technique in a patient with renal artery aneurysm rupture and bilateral arteriovenous fistula

Renal arteriovenous fistulas are pathologic communications between the renal arteries and veins without interconnecting capillaries. Reports on the combination of fibromuscular dysplasia, aneurysms, and renal arteriovenous fistula are extremely rare in the literature. In the case of renal arteriovenous aneurysm rupture, urgent nephrectomy was the only life-saving procedure reported. The ex vivo approach seems to be an appropriate alternative to nephrectomy. This article presents a case of successful treatment of bilateral fibromuscular dysplasia with aneurysm and arteriovenous fistulas complicated by renal artery aneurysm rupture.