Lack of Dietary Diversity Contributes to the Gaps in Micronutrient Status and Physical Development between Urban and Rural Infants

BACKGROUND: Although the prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese infants has decreased, micronutrient deficiency is still common. This study aimed to describe and compare the status of micronutrient deficiency and its association with dietary variety and socio-demographic features among infants from urban and rural China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 1200 children aged 18-month-old from rural villages in Yunnan and an urban city in Shanghai. Information on food intake was obtained from a 24-h dietary recall technique. Anthropometric measures, dietary diversity score (DDS), food variety score (FVS), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated and compared. Correlations between DDS, FVS, MAR, NAR, and anthropometric measures were examined. RESULTS: Compared with urban area, DDS, FVS, and NAR of most micronutrients of infants from rural areas were significantly lower. These data corresponded to significant lower Z-scores of physical growth in rural infants. DDS, FVS, and NAR were positively correlated to anthropometric measures. CONCLUSION: Infants from rural areas consumed a significantly lower amount of micronutrient and had worse anthropometric measures. Both DDS and FVS could be used in dietary assessment studies on children. This is the first research quantified the difference in dietary diversity and micronutrient status of infants in rural and urban areas of China. Our work can potentially serve as a guide to infant feeding recommendations.