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Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases
BACKGROUND: Anthrax, the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is nowadays rare in northern parts of Europe including Finland and Scandinavia. Only two minor outbreaks of anthrax in 1988 and in 2004 and one sporadic infection in 2008 have been detected in animals...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122712/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30176810 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4 |
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author | Lienemann, Taru Beyer, Wolfgang Pelkola, Kirsti Rossow, Heidi Rehn, Alexandra Antwerpen, Markus Grass, Gregor |
author_facet | Lienemann, Taru Beyer, Wolfgang Pelkola, Kirsti Rossow, Heidi Rehn, Alexandra Antwerpen, Markus Grass, Gregor |
author_sort | Lienemann, Taru |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Anthrax, the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is nowadays rare in northern parts of Europe including Finland and Scandinavia. Only two minor outbreaks of anthrax in 1988 and in 2004 and one sporadic infection in 2008 have been detected in animals in Finland since the 1970’s. Here, we report on two Finnish B. anthracis strains that were isolated from spleen and liver of a diseased calf related to the outbreak in 1988 (strain HKI4363/88) and from a local scrotum and testicle infection of a bull in 2008 (strain BA2968). These infections occurred in two rural Finnish regions, i.e., Ostrobothnia in western Finland and Päijänne Tavastia in southern Finland, respectively. RESULTS: The isolates were genetically characterized by PCR-based methods such as multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome-sequence analysis (WGS). Phylogenetic comparison of the two strains HKI4363/88 and BA2968 by chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis grouped these organisms within their relatives of the minor canonical A-branch canSNP-group A.Br.003/004 (A.Br.V770) or canonical B-branch B.Br.001/002, respectively. Strain HKI4363/88 clustered relatively closely with other members of the A.Br.003/004 lineage from Europe, South Africa, and South America. In contrast, strain BA2968 clearly constituted a new sublineage within B.Br.001/002 with its closest relative being HYO01 from South Korea. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Finland harbors both unique (autochthonous) and more widely distributed, common clades of B. anthracis. We suspect that members of the common clades such as strains HKI4363/88 have been introduced only recently by anthropogenic activities involving importation of contaminated animal products. On the other hand, autochthonous strains such as isolate BA2968 probably have an older history of their introduction into Finland as evidenced by a high number of single nucleotide variant sites in their genomes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6122712 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61227122018-09-10 Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases Lienemann, Taru Beyer, Wolfgang Pelkola, Kirsti Rossow, Heidi Rehn, Alexandra Antwerpen, Markus Grass, Gregor BMC Microbiol Research Article BACKGROUND: Anthrax, the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is nowadays rare in northern parts of Europe including Finland and Scandinavia. Only two minor outbreaks of anthrax in 1988 and in 2004 and one sporadic infection in 2008 have been detected in animals in Finland since the 1970’s. Here, we report on two Finnish B. anthracis strains that were isolated from spleen and liver of a diseased calf related to the outbreak in 1988 (strain HKI4363/88) and from a local scrotum and testicle infection of a bull in 2008 (strain BA2968). These infections occurred in two rural Finnish regions, i.e., Ostrobothnia in western Finland and Päijänne Tavastia in southern Finland, respectively. RESULTS: The isolates were genetically characterized by PCR-based methods such as multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome-sequence analysis (WGS). Phylogenetic comparison of the two strains HKI4363/88 and BA2968 by chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis grouped these organisms within their relatives of the minor canonical A-branch canSNP-group A.Br.003/004 (A.Br.V770) or canonical B-branch B.Br.001/002, respectively. Strain HKI4363/88 clustered relatively closely with other members of the A.Br.003/004 lineage from Europe, South Africa, and South America. In contrast, strain BA2968 clearly constituted a new sublineage within B.Br.001/002 with its closest relative being HYO01 from South Korea. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that Finland harbors both unique (autochthonous) and more widely distributed, common clades of B. anthracis. We suspect that members of the common clades such as strains HKI4363/88 have been introduced only recently by anthropogenic activities involving importation of contaminated animal products. On the other hand, autochthonous strains such as isolate BA2968 probably have an older history of their introduction into Finland as evidenced by a high number of single nucleotide variant sites in their genomes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2018-09-03 /pmc/articles/PMC6122712/ /pubmed/30176810 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4 Text en © The Author(s). 2018 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Lienemann, Taru Beyer, Wolfgang Pelkola, Kirsti Rossow, Heidi Rehn, Alexandra Antwerpen, Markus Grass, Gregor Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title | Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title_full | Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title_fullStr | Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title_full_unstemmed | Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title_short | Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
title_sort | genotyping and phylogenetic placement of bacillus anthracis isolates from finland, a country with rare anthrax cases |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6122712/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30176810 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4 |
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