Pigs that recover from porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus infection develop cytotoxic CD4(+)CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(-) T-cells that kill virus infected cells

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection is difficult to control because the virus undergoes antigenic variation during infection and also modulates the protective host immune response. Although current vaccines do not provide full protection, they have provided insight into the mechanisms of protection. Live PRRSV vaccines induce partial protection before the appearance of neutralizing antibody, suggesting cell-mediated immunity or other mechanisms may be involved. Herein, we demonstrate recovery from infection is associated with development of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) that can kill PRRSV-infected target cells. Initial experiments showed survival of PRRSV-infected monocyte derived macrophage (MDM) targets is reduced when overlaid with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from gilts that had recovered from PRRSV infection. Further studies with PBMC depleted of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cells and positively selected subpopulations of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells showed that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells were involved in killing. Examination of killing at different time points revealed killing was biphasic and mediated by CTL of different phenotypes. CD4(+)CD8(+high) were associated with killing target cells infected for 3–6 hours. CD4(+)CD8(-) CTL were associated with killing at 16–24 hours. Thus, all the anti-PRRSV CTL activity in pigs was attributed to two phenotypes of CD4(+) cells which is different from the anti-viral CD4(-)CD8(+) CTL phenotype found in most other animals. These findings will be useful for evaluating CTL responses induced by current and future vaccines, guiding to a novel direction for future vaccine development.