Biosorption optimization, characterization, immobilization and application of Gelidium amansii biomass for complete Pb(2+) removal from aqueous solutions

Lead (Pb(2+)) is among the most toxic heavy metals even in low concentration and cause toxicity to human’s health and other forms of life. It is released into the environment through different industrial activities. The biosorption of Pb(2+) from aqueous solutions by biomass of commonly available, marine alga Gelidium amansii was studied. The effects of different variables on Pb(2+) removal were estimated by a two-level Plackett–Burman factorial design to determine the most significant variables affecting Pb(2+) removal % from aqueous solutions. Initial pH, Pb(2+) concentration and temperature were the most significant factors affecting Pb(2+) removal chosen for further optimization using rotatable central composite design. The maximum removal percentage (100%) of Pb(2+) from aqueous solution by Gelidium amansii biomass was found under the optimum conditions: initial Pb(2+) concentration of 200 mg/L, temperature 45 °C, pH 4.5, Gelidium amansii biomass of 1 g/L and contact time of 60 minutes at static condition. FTIR analysis of algal biomass revealed the presence of carbonyl, methylene, phosphate, carbonate and phenolic groups, which are involved in the Pb(2+) ions biosorption process. SEM analysis demonstrates the ability of Gelidium amansii biomass to adsorb and removes Pb(2+) from aqueous solution. EDS analysis shows the additional optical absorption peak corresponding to the Pb(2+) which confirms the involvement of Gelidium amansii biomass in the adsorption of Pb(2+) ions from aqueous solution. Immobilized Gelidium amansii biomass was effective in Pb(2+) removal (100%) from aqueous solution at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L for 3 h. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that the red marine alga Gelidium amansii biomass is a promising, efficient, ecofriendly, cost-effective and biodegradable biosorbent for the removal of Pb(2+) from the environment and wastewater effluents.