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The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes
PURPOSE: Biphalangealism of the toes is an exclusively human phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of the lateral toes in childhood by following the ossification pattern of the phalanges. METHODS: Foot radiographs of 913 adults have been evaluated for biphalangealism of 3...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Springer Paris
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132864/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29667031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2027-z |
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author | Ceynowa, Marcin Rocławski, Marek Pankowski, Rafał Mazurek, Tomasz |
author_facet | Ceynowa, Marcin Rocławski, Marek Pankowski, Rafał Mazurek, Tomasz |
author_sort | Ceynowa, Marcin |
collection | PubMed |
description | PURPOSE: Biphalangealism of the toes is an exclusively human phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of the lateral toes in childhood by following the ossification pattern of the phalanges. METHODS: Foot radiographs of 913 adults have been evaluated for biphalangealism of 3rd to 5th toe. The pediatric group, aged 6–15 years of age, was assessed for the number of ossification centers in the foot. RESULTS: In adults, the mean prevalence of biphalangealism in the 5th toe was 41.39%, in the 4th toe was 2.15%, and in the 3rd toe was 0.48%. In children, 45% feet had four ossification centers in the 5th toe. The epiphysis center of the middle and distal phalanx was missing. In the 4th toe, four centers were present in of 2.47% of cases. Those values are similar to the prevalence of the biphalangeal toes in adult population. The remaining toes had 5 or 6 ossification centers. In the 5-center toe, the epiphysis of the middle phalanx was missing. CONCLUSION: A missing distal phalanx epiphyseal ossification center is considered indicative of a biphalangeal toe, and the toes with 5 or 6 ossification centers are indicative of triphalangeal toes. The reason for such evolution of the lateral toes is still debated, but the differences in anatomy most likely have no impact on foot function. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6132864 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Springer Paris |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61328642018-09-13 The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes Ceynowa, Marcin Rocławski, Marek Pankowski, Rafał Mazurek, Tomasz Surg Radiol Anat Original Article PURPOSE: Biphalangealism of the toes is an exclusively human phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development of the lateral toes in childhood by following the ossification pattern of the phalanges. METHODS: Foot radiographs of 913 adults have been evaluated for biphalangealism of 3rd to 5th toe. The pediatric group, aged 6–15 years of age, was assessed for the number of ossification centers in the foot. RESULTS: In adults, the mean prevalence of biphalangealism in the 5th toe was 41.39%, in the 4th toe was 2.15%, and in the 3rd toe was 0.48%. In children, 45% feet had four ossification centers in the 5th toe. The epiphysis center of the middle and distal phalanx was missing. In the 4th toe, four centers were present in of 2.47% of cases. Those values are similar to the prevalence of the biphalangeal toes in adult population. The remaining toes had 5 or 6 ossification centers. In the 5-center toe, the epiphysis of the middle phalanx was missing. CONCLUSION: A missing distal phalanx epiphyseal ossification center is considered indicative of a biphalangeal toe, and the toes with 5 or 6 ossification centers are indicative of triphalangeal toes. The reason for such evolution of the lateral toes is still debated, but the differences in anatomy most likely have no impact on foot function. Springer Paris 2018-04-17 2018 /pmc/articles/PMC6132864/ /pubmed/29667031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2027-z Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Ceynowa, Marcin Rocławski, Marek Pankowski, Rafał Mazurek, Tomasz The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title | The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title_full | The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title_fullStr | The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title_full_unstemmed | The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title_short | The prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
title_sort | prevalence and ossification pattern of the biphalangeal and triphalangeal lateral toes |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132864/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29667031 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2027-z |
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