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Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain

Environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) can be transferred to humans through foods. Fresh produce in particular is an ideal vector due to frequent raw consumption. A major contamination source of fresh produce is irrigation water. We hypothesized that water quality significantly affects lo...

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Autores principales: Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia, Schöner, Ulrich, von Ah, Ueli, Schmelcher, Mathias, Walsh, Fiona, Drissner, David
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6138756/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30101286
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy149
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author Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia
Schöner, Ulrich
von Ah, Ueli
Schmelcher, Mathias
Walsh, Fiona
Drissner, David
author_facet Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia
Schöner, Ulrich
von Ah, Ueli
Schmelcher, Mathias
Walsh, Fiona
Drissner, David
author_sort Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia
collection PubMed
description Environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) can be transferred to humans through foods. Fresh produce in particular is an ideal vector due to frequent raw consumption. A major contamination source of fresh produce is irrigation water. We hypothesized that water quality significantly affects loads of ARB and their diversity on fresh produce despite various other contamination sources present under agricultural practice conditions. Chive irrigated from an open-top reservoir or sterile-filtered water (control) was examined. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) and ARB were determined for water and chive with emphasis on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. High HPC of freshly planted chive decreased over time and were significantly lower on control- vs. reservoir-irrigated chive at harvest (1.3 log (CFU/g) lower). Ciprofloxacin- and ceftazidime-resistant bacteria were significantly lower on control-irrigated chive at harvest and end of shelf life (up to 1.8 log (CFU/g) lower). Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. repeatedly isolated from water and chive proved resistant to up to six or four antibiotic classes (80% or 49% multidrug-resistant, respectively). Microbial source tracking identified E. coli-ST1056 along the irrigation chain and on chive. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that E. coli-ST1056 from both environments were clonal and carried the same transmissible multidrug-resistance plasmid, proving water as source of chive contamination. These findings emphasize the urgent need for guidelines concerning ARB in irrigation water and development of affordable water disinfection technologies to diminish ARB on irrigated produce.
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spelling pubmed-61387562018-09-24 Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia Schöner, Ulrich von Ah, Ueli Schmelcher, Mathias Walsh, Fiona Drissner, David FEMS Microbiol Ecol Research Article Environmental antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) can be transferred to humans through foods. Fresh produce in particular is an ideal vector due to frequent raw consumption. A major contamination source of fresh produce is irrigation water. We hypothesized that water quality significantly affects loads of ARB and their diversity on fresh produce despite various other contamination sources present under agricultural practice conditions. Chive irrigated from an open-top reservoir or sterile-filtered water (control) was examined. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) and ARB were determined for water and chive with emphasis on Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. High HPC of freshly planted chive decreased over time and were significantly lower on control- vs. reservoir-irrigated chive at harvest (1.3 log (CFU/g) lower). Ciprofloxacin- and ceftazidime-resistant bacteria were significantly lower on control-irrigated chive at harvest and end of shelf life (up to 1.8 log (CFU/g) lower). Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. repeatedly isolated from water and chive proved resistant to up to six or four antibiotic classes (80% or 49% multidrug-resistant, respectively). Microbial source tracking identified E. coli-ST1056 along the irrigation chain and on chive. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that E. coli-ST1056 from both environments were clonal and carried the same transmissible multidrug-resistance plasmid, proving water as source of chive contamination. These findings emphasize the urgent need for guidelines concerning ARB in irrigation water and development of affordable water disinfection technologies to diminish ARB on irrigated produce. Oxford University Press 2018-08-07 /pmc/articles/PMC6138756/ /pubmed/30101286 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy149 Text en © FEMS 2018. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
spellingShingle Research Article
Gekenidis, Maria-Theresia
Schöner, Ulrich
von Ah, Ueli
Schmelcher, Mathias
Walsh, Fiona
Drissner, David
Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title_full Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title_fullStr Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title_full_unstemmed Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title_short Tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
title_sort tracing back multidrug-resistant bacteria in fresh herb production: from chive to source through the irrigation water chain
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6138756/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30101286
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy149
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