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Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †

Acetylcholine (ACh), an ubiquitous mediator substance broadly expressed in nature, acts as neurotransmitter in cholinergic synapses, generating specific communications with different time-courses. (1) Ultrafast transmission. Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and nerve-electroplaque junctions...

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Autores principales: Dunant, Yves, Gisiger, Victor
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2017
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152031/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777299
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081300
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author Dunant, Yves
Gisiger, Victor
author_facet Dunant, Yves
Gisiger, Victor
author_sort Dunant, Yves
collection PubMed
description Acetylcholine (ACh), an ubiquitous mediator substance broadly expressed in nature, acts as neurotransmitter in cholinergic synapses, generating specific communications with different time-courses. (1) Ultrafast transmission. Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and nerve-electroplaque junctions (NEJs) are the fastest cholinergic synapses; able to transmit brief impulses (1–4 ms) at high frequencies. The collagen-tailed A12 acetylcholinesterase is concentrated in the synaptic cleft of NMJs and NEJs, were it curtails the postsynaptic response by ultrafast ACh hydrolysis. Here, additional processes contribute to make transmission so rapid. (2) Rapid transmission. At peripheral and central cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapses, transmission involves an initial, relatively rapid (10–50 ms) nicotinic response, followed by various muscarinic or nicotinic effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) being not concentrated within these synapses, it does not curtail the initial rapid response. In contrast, the late responses are controlled by a globular form of AChE (mainly G4-AChE), which is membrane-bound and/or secreted. (3) Slow ACh signalling. In non-neuronal systems, in muscarinic domains, and in most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), many ACh-releasing structures (cells, axon terminals, varicosities, boutons) do not form true synaptic contacts, most muscarinic and also part of nicotinic receptors are extra-synaptic, often situated relatively far from ACh releasing spots. A12-AChE being virtually absent in CNS, G4-AChE is the most abundant form, whose function appears to modulate the “volume” transmission, keeping ACh concentration within limits in time and space.
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spelling pubmed-61520312018-11-13 Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms † Dunant, Yves Gisiger, Victor Molecules Review Acetylcholine (ACh), an ubiquitous mediator substance broadly expressed in nature, acts as neurotransmitter in cholinergic synapses, generating specific communications with different time-courses. (1) Ultrafast transmission. Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and nerve-electroplaque junctions (NEJs) are the fastest cholinergic synapses; able to transmit brief impulses (1–4 ms) at high frequencies. The collagen-tailed A12 acetylcholinesterase is concentrated in the synaptic cleft of NMJs and NEJs, were it curtails the postsynaptic response by ultrafast ACh hydrolysis. Here, additional processes contribute to make transmission so rapid. (2) Rapid transmission. At peripheral and central cholinergic neuro-neuronal synapses, transmission involves an initial, relatively rapid (10–50 ms) nicotinic response, followed by various muscarinic or nicotinic effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) being not concentrated within these synapses, it does not curtail the initial rapid response. In contrast, the late responses are controlled by a globular form of AChE (mainly G4-AChE), which is membrane-bound and/or secreted. (3) Slow ACh signalling. In non-neuronal systems, in muscarinic domains, and in most regions of the central nervous system (CNS), many ACh-releasing structures (cells, axon terminals, varicosities, boutons) do not form true synaptic contacts, most muscarinic and also part of nicotinic receptors are extra-synaptic, often situated relatively far from ACh releasing spots. A12-AChE being virtually absent in CNS, G4-AChE is the most abundant form, whose function appears to modulate the “volume” transmission, keeping ACh concentration within limits in time and space. MDPI 2017-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC6152031/ /pubmed/28777299 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081300 Text en © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Dunant, Yves
Gisiger, Victor
Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title_full Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title_fullStr Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title_full_unstemmed Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title_short Ultrafast and Slow Cholinergic Transmission. Different Involvement of Acetylcholinesterase Molecular Forms †
title_sort ultrafast and slow cholinergic transmission. different involvement of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms †
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6152031/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777299
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081300
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