The use of ankle brachial pressure indices in a cohort of black African diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease is very common in patients with diabetes, but it remains grossly under-recognized in this type of patients. Ankle brachial index (ABI) is a simple, non-invasive and reproducible method for detection and improving risk stratification. However, the sensitivity appears to be lower in diabetic patients and, false ‘high’ readings occur because of the arterial calcification of the vessel media which render the vessels incompressible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study evaluated the prevalence of a low ABI <0.9 in diabetic patients in a hospital-based cross sectional observational study. The study has been registered. RESULTS: The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in diabetics with ABI< 0.9 was 18%. The majority (77%) of responders were asymptomatic with mild PAD (ABI 0.7–0.9). Age >60 years, hypertension (systolic BP > 140 mmHg) and presence of foot ulcer were identified as independent risk factors. 22 participants (4.4%) of the 500 had ABI greater than 1.3 but were excluded in the analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PAD in diabetics measured by the ABI index was low and the majority in our setting had mild PAD and were asymptomatic. ABI could be used in patients with diabetes, but values should be interpreted with precision, according to the clinical situation as higher values are common.