A Bayesian mixed modeling approach for estimating heritability

BACKGROUND: A Bayesian mixed model approach using integrated nested Laplace approximations (INLA) allows us to construct flexible models that can account for pedigree structure. Using these models, we estimate genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation heritability (h(2)), which are currently not well understood, as well as h(2) of blood lipid measurements. METHODS: We included individuals from the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) study with Infinium 450 K cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) methylation and blood lipid data pre- and posttreatment with fenofibrate in families with up to three-generation pedigrees. For genome-wide patterns, we constructed 1 model per CpG with methylation as the response variable, with a random effect to model kinship, and age and gender as fixed effects. RESULTS: In total, 425,791 CpG sites pre-, but only 199,027 CpG sites posttreatment were found to have nonzero heritability. Across these CpG sites, the distributions of h(2) estimates are similar in pre- and posttreatment (pre: median = 0.31, interquartile range [IQR] = 0.16; post: median = 0.34, IQR = 0.20). Blood lipid h(2) estimates were similar pre- and posttreatment with overlapping 95% credibility intervals. Heritability was nonzero for treatment effect, that is, the difference between pre- and posttreatment blood lipids. Estimates for triglycerides h(2) are 0.48 (pre), 0.42 (post), and 0.21 (difference); likewise for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol h(2) the estimates are 0.61, 0.68, and 0.10. CONCLUSIONS: We show that with INLA, a fully Bayesian approach to estimate DNA methylation h(2) is possible on a genome-wide scale. This provides uncertainty assessment of the estimates, and allows us to perform model selection via deviance information criterion (DIC) to identify CpGs with strong evidence for nonzero heritability.