Mapping, Measuring, and Analyzing the Process of Skin-to-Skin Contact and Early Breastfeeding in the First Hour After Birth

Background: Although the benefits of immediate, continuous, uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact (SSC) and early breastfeeding have been widely researched and confirmed, the challenge remains to improve the consistency of this practice. Fewer than half of newborns worldwide are breastfed in the first hour. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study utilizing iterative review and analysis of video ethnography as well as data extracted from patient records. Sample and Setting: Eighty-four medically uncomplicated mothers and full-term newborns were observed during the first hour after birth at a Baby-Friendly designated hospital in the United States. Findings: Process mapping using an algorithm which included Robson criteria indicated that although included mothers were expected to give birth vaginally and had no medical concerns that would preclude eligibility for SSC in the first hour after birth, 31 of 84 newborns (37%) did not receive immediate SSC after vaginal birth as planned and only 23 (27.4%) self-attached and suckled. Conclusion: Process mapping of optimal skin-to-skin practice in the first hour after birth using the algorithm, HCP-S2S-IA, produced an accurate and useful measurement, illuminating how work is conducted and providing patterns for analysis and opportunities for improvement with targeted interventions.