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Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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IOS Press
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480257 http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ADR-180073 |
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author | Parady, Bodo |
author_facet | Parady, Bodo |
author_sort | Parady, Bodo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of AD development is the defeat of the innate immune system, whether through vulnerable patient health status or treatment that suppresses inflammation by suppressing the innate immune system. External and mechanical factors that lead to inflammation are a door for pathogenic opportunity. Current research associates the presence of fungi in the etiology of AD and is shown in cerebral tissue at autopsy. From the time of the discovery of AD, much speculation exists for an infective cause. Identifying any AD disease organism is obscured by processes that can take place over years. Amyloid protein deposits are generally considered to be evidence of an intrinsic response to stress or imbalance, but instead amyloid may be evidence of the innate immune response which exists to destroy fungal colonization through structural interference and cytotoxicity. Fungi can remain ensconced for a long time in niches or inside cells, and it is the harboring of fungi that leads to repeated reinfection and slow wider colonization that eventually leads to a grave outcome. Although many fungi and bacteria are associated with AD affected tissues, discussion here focuses on Candida albicans as the archetype of human fungal pathology because of its wide proliferation as a commensal fungus, extensive published research, numerous fungal morphologies, and majority proliferation in AD tissues. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6159659 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | IOS Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61596592018-11-26 Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Parady, Bodo J Alzheimers Dis Rep Review Various fungi and bacteria can colonize in the brain and produce physical alterations seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental and genetic factors affect the occurrence of fungal colonization, and how fungi can grow, enter the brain, and interact with the innate immune system. The essence of AD development is the defeat of the innate immune system, whether through vulnerable patient health status or treatment that suppresses inflammation by suppressing the innate immune system. External and mechanical factors that lead to inflammation are a door for pathogenic opportunity. Current research associates the presence of fungi in the etiology of AD and is shown in cerebral tissue at autopsy. From the time of the discovery of AD, much speculation exists for an infective cause. Identifying any AD disease organism is obscured by processes that can take place over years. Amyloid protein deposits are generally considered to be evidence of an intrinsic response to stress or imbalance, but instead amyloid may be evidence of the innate immune response which exists to destroy fungal colonization through structural interference and cytotoxicity. Fungi can remain ensconced for a long time in niches or inside cells, and it is the harboring of fungi that leads to repeated reinfection and slow wider colonization that eventually leads to a grave outcome. Although many fungi and bacteria are associated with AD affected tissues, discussion here focuses on Candida albicans as the archetype of human fungal pathology because of its wide proliferation as a commensal fungus, extensive published research, numerous fungal morphologies, and majority proliferation in AD tissues. IOS Press 2018-08-01 /pmc/articles/PMC6159659/ /pubmed/30480257 http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ADR-180073 Text en © 2018 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Parady, Bodo Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title | Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title_full | Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title_fullStr | Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title_short | Innate Immune and Fungal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease |
title_sort | innate immune and fungal model of alzheimer’s disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159659/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30480257 http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ADR-180073 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT paradybodo innateimmuneandfungalmodelofalzheimersdisease |