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Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter?
Background: The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation between regional values of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and passive smoking in Italy. Methods: The outcome measures were smoking ban respect in public places, workplaces and at home, derived from the PASSI surveillance for the period 20...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30231580 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092045 |
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author | La Torre, Giuseppe Sestili, Cristina Cocchiara, Rosario Andrea Cianfanelli, Sara Lia, Lorenza Mannocci, Alice |
author_facet | La Torre, Giuseppe Sestili, Cristina Cocchiara, Rosario Andrea Cianfanelli, Sara Lia, Lorenza Mannocci, Alice |
author_sort | La Torre, Giuseppe |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation between regional values of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and passive smoking in Italy. Methods: The outcome measures were smoking ban respect in public places, workplaces and at home, derived from the PASSI surveillance for the period 2011–2017. The explanatory variable was GDP per capita. The statistical analysis was carried out using bivariate and linear regression analyses, taking into consideration two different periods, Years 2011–2014 and 2014–2017. Results: GDP is showed to be positively correlated with smoking ban respect in public places (r = 0.779 p < 0.001; r = 0.723 p < 0.001 in the two periods, respectively), as well as smoking ban respect in the workplace (r = 0.662 p = 0.001; r = 0.603 p = 0.004) and no smoking at home adherence (r = 0.424 p = 0.056; r = 0.362 p = 0.107). In multiple linear regression GDP is significantly associated to smoking ban respect in public places (adjusted β = 0.730 p < 0.001; β = 0.698 p < 0.001 in the two periods, respectively), smoking ban in workplaces (adjusted β = 0.525 p = 0.020; β = 0.570 p = 0.009) and no smoking at home (adjusted β = 0.332 p = 0.070; β = 0.362 p = 0.052). Conclusions: Smoking ban is more respected in Regions with higher GDP. For a better health promotion, systematic vigilance and sanctions should be maintained and strengthened, particularly in regions with low compliance with smoking bans. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6165307 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61653072018-10-12 Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? La Torre, Giuseppe Sestili, Cristina Cocchiara, Rosario Andrea Cianfanelli, Sara Lia, Lorenza Mannocci, Alice Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Background: The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation between regional values of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and passive smoking in Italy. Methods: The outcome measures were smoking ban respect in public places, workplaces and at home, derived from the PASSI surveillance for the period 2011–2017. The explanatory variable was GDP per capita. The statistical analysis was carried out using bivariate and linear regression analyses, taking into consideration two different periods, Years 2011–2014 and 2014–2017. Results: GDP is showed to be positively correlated with smoking ban respect in public places (r = 0.779 p < 0.001; r = 0.723 p < 0.001 in the two periods, respectively), as well as smoking ban respect in the workplace (r = 0.662 p = 0.001; r = 0.603 p = 0.004) and no smoking at home adherence (r = 0.424 p = 0.056; r = 0.362 p = 0.107). In multiple linear regression GDP is significantly associated to smoking ban respect in public places (adjusted β = 0.730 p < 0.001; β = 0.698 p < 0.001 in the two periods, respectively), smoking ban in workplaces (adjusted β = 0.525 p = 0.020; β = 0.570 p = 0.009) and no smoking at home (adjusted β = 0.332 p = 0.070; β = 0.362 p = 0.052). Conclusions: Smoking ban is more respected in Regions with higher GDP. For a better health promotion, systematic vigilance and sanctions should be maintained and strengthened, particularly in regions with low compliance with smoking bans. MDPI 2018-09-18 2018-09 /pmc/articles/PMC6165307/ /pubmed/30231580 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092045 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article La Torre, Giuseppe Sestili, Cristina Cocchiara, Rosario Andrea Cianfanelli, Sara Lia, Lorenza Mannocci, Alice Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title | Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title_full | Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title_fullStr | Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title_full_unstemmed | Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title_short | Passive Smoking Indicators in Italy: Does the Gross Domestic Product Matter? |
title_sort | passive smoking indicators in italy: does the gross domestic product matter? |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165307/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30231580 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092045 |
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