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A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo
Cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (TF) and a master regulator of photoreceptor development in vertebrates. The in vitro DNA binding preferences of CRX have been described in detail, but the degree to which in vitro binding affinity is correlated with in vivo e...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6169884/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30158147 http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.231886.117 |
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author | Hughes, Andrew E.O. Myers, Connie A. Corbo, Joseph C. |
author_facet | Hughes, Andrew E.O. Myers, Connie A. Corbo, Joseph C. |
author_sort | Hughes, Andrew E.O. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (TF) and a master regulator of photoreceptor development in vertebrates. The in vitro DNA binding preferences of CRX have been described in detail, but the degree to which in vitro binding affinity is correlated with in vivo enhancer activity is not known. In addition, paired-class homeodomain TFs can bind DNA cooperatively as both homodimers and heterodimers at inverted TAAT half-sites separated by 2 or 3 nucleotides. This dimeric configuration is thought to mediate target specificity, but whether monomeric and dimeric sites encode distinct levels of activity is not known. Here, we used a massively parallel reporter assay to determine how local sequence context shapes the regulatory activity of CRX binding sites in mouse photoreceptors. We assayed inactivating mutations in more than 1700 TF binding sites and found that dimeric CRX binding sites act as stronger enhancers than monomeric CRX binding sites. Furthermore, the activity of dimeric half-sites is cooperative, dependent on a strict 3-bp spacing, and tuned by the identity of the spacer nucleotides. Saturating single-nucleotide mutagenesis of 195 CRX binding sites showed that, on average, changes in TF binding site affinity are correlated with changes in regulatory activity, but this relationship is obscured when considering mutations across multiple cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the activity of CRX binding sites is highly dependent on sequence context, providing insight into photoreceptor gene regulation and illustrating functional principles of homeodomain binding sites that may be conserved in other cell types. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6169884 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61698842019-04-01 A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo Hughes, Andrew E.O. Myers, Connie A. Corbo, Joseph C. Genome Res Research Cone-rod homeobox (CRX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor (TF) and a master regulator of photoreceptor development in vertebrates. The in vitro DNA binding preferences of CRX have been described in detail, but the degree to which in vitro binding affinity is correlated with in vivo enhancer activity is not known. In addition, paired-class homeodomain TFs can bind DNA cooperatively as both homodimers and heterodimers at inverted TAAT half-sites separated by 2 or 3 nucleotides. This dimeric configuration is thought to mediate target specificity, but whether monomeric and dimeric sites encode distinct levels of activity is not known. Here, we used a massively parallel reporter assay to determine how local sequence context shapes the regulatory activity of CRX binding sites in mouse photoreceptors. We assayed inactivating mutations in more than 1700 TF binding sites and found that dimeric CRX binding sites act as stronger enhancers than monomeric CRX binding sites. Furthermore, the activity of dimeric half-sites is cooperative, dependent on a strict 3-bp spacing, and tuned by the identity of the spacer nucleotides. Saturating single-nucleotide mutagenesis of 195 CRX binding sites showed that, on average, changes in TF binding site affinity are correlated with changes in regulatory activity, but this relationship is obscured when considering mutations across multiple cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Taken together, these results demonstrate that the activity of CRX binding sites is highly dependent on sequence context, providing insight into photoreceptor gene regulation and illustrating functional principles of homeodomain binding sites that may be conserved in other cell types. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 2018-10 /pmc/articles/PMC6169884/ /pubmed/30158147 http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.231886.117 Text en © 2018 Hughes et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genome.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Research Hughes, Andrew E.O. Myers, Connie A. Corbo, Joseph C. A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title | A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title_full | A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title_fullStr | A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title_full_unstemmed | A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title_short | A massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
title_sort | massively parallel reporter assay reveals context-dependent activity of homeodomain binding sites in vivo |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6169884/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30158147 http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.231886.117 |
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