Loss of T-Cell Multifunctionality and TCR-Vβ Repertoire Against Epstein-Barr Virus Is Associated With Worse Prognosis and Clinical Parameters in HIV(+) Patients

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of aggressive and poor-prognosis B-cell lymphomas in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV(+) patients). The most important risk factors for these malignancies include immune dysfunction, chronic immune activation, and loss of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The combination of all these factors can favor the reactivation of EBV, malignant cell transformation, and clinical progression toward B-cell lymphomas. The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype, functionality, and distribution of TCR clonotypes for EBV-specific T-cell subpopulations in HIV(+) patients at different clinical stages and for HIV(+) patients with B-cell lymphoma, as well as to establish their association with clinical variables of prognostic value. Factors were studied in 56 HIV(+) patients at different clinical stages and in six HIV+ subjects with diagnosed B-cell lymphoma. We found a significant decrease in all subpopulations of EBV-specific CD4(+) T cells from HIV(+) patients at stage 3 and with B-cell lymphoma. EBV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells, particularly effector memory cells, were also reduced in HIV(+) patients with B-cell lymphoma. Interestingly, these cells were unable to produce IFN-γ and lacked multifunctionality in HIV+ patients. The TCR-Vβ repertoire, which is key for protection against EBV in healthy individuals, was less diverse in HIV(+) patients due to a lower frequency of TCR-Vβ2(+), Vβ4(+), Vβ7.1(+), Vβ9(+), Vβ13.6(+), Vβ14(+), Vβ17(+), Vβ22(+) CD4(+), Vβ14(+), and Vβ17(+) CD8(+) T cells. HIV(+) patients with positive plasma EBV loads (EBV(+)HIV(+)) had a noteworthy decrease in the levels of both TNF-α(+) and multifunctional TNF-α(+)/IL-2(+) and TNF-α(+)/IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T cells. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that HIV(+) patients have significant alterations in the immune response to EBV (poor-quality immunity) that can favor viral reactivation, escalating the risk for developing EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.