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The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms

Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that...

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Autores principales: Sweeney, E. L., Al-Shehri, S. S., Cowley, D. M., Liley, H. G., Bansal, N., Charles, B. G., Shaw, P. N., Duley, J. A., Knox, C. L.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6181944/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30310099
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33519-3
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author Sweeney, E. L.
Al-Shehri, S. S.
Cowley, D. M.
Liley, H. G.
Bansal, N.
Charles, B. G.
Shaw, P. N.
Duley, J. A.
Knox, C. L.
author_facet Sweeney, E. L.
Al-Shehri, S. S.
Cowley, D. M.
Liley, H. G.
Bansal, N.
Charles, B. G.
Shaw, P. N.
Duley, J. A.
Knox, C. L.
author_sort Sweeney, E. L.
collection PubMed
description Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that occurs when breastmilk (containing the enzyme xanthine oxidase) and neonatal saliva (containing highly elevated concentrations of the substrates for xanthine oxidase: xanthine and hypoxanthine). The interaction of neonatal saliva and breast milk releases antibacterial compounds including hydrogen peroxide, and regulates the growth of bacteria. Using a novel in vitro experimental approach, the current study compared the effects of this unique metabolic pathway on a range of bacterial species and determined the period of time that microbial growth was affected. We demonstrated that microbial growth was inhibited predominately, immediately and for up to 24 hr following breastmilk and saliva mixing; however, some microorganisms were able to recover and continue to grow following exposure to these micromolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, growth inhibition was independent of whether the organisms possessed a catalase enzyme. This study further confirms that this is one mechanism that contributes to the significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies.
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spelling pubmed-61819442018-10-15 The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms Sweeney, E. L. Al-Shehri, S. S. Cowley, D. M. Liley, H. G. Bansal, N. Charles, B. G. Shaw, P. N. Duley, J. A. Knox, C. L. Sci Rep Article Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that occurs when breastmilk (containing the enzyme xanthine oxidase) and neonatal saliva (containing highly elevated concentrations of the substrates for xanthine oxidase: xanthine and hypoxanthine). The interaction of neonatal saliva and breast milk releases antibacterial compounds including hydrogen peroxide, and regulates the growth of bacteria. Using a novel in vitro experimental approach, the current study compared the effects of this unique metabolic pathway on a range of bacterial species and determined the period of time that microbial growth was affected. We demonstrated that microbial growth was inhibited predominately, immediately and for up to 24 hr following breastmilk and saliva mixing; however, some microorganisms were able to recover and continue to grow following exposure to these micromolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, growth inhibition was independent of whether the organisms possessed a catalase enzyme. This study further confirms that this is one mechanism that contributes to the significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies. Nature Publishing Group UK 2018-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC6181944/ /pubmed/30310099 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33519-3 Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
spellingShingle Article
Sweeney, E. L.
Al-Shehri, S. S.
Cowley, D. M.
Liley, H. G.
Bansal, N.
Charles, B. G.
Shaw, P. N.
Duley, J. A.
Knox, C. L.
The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title_full The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title_fullStr The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title_full_unstemmed The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title_short The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
title_sort effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6181944/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30310099
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33519-3
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