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Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire
PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a sport-specific mindfulness measure, the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire (AMQ), through 5 related studies using 4 separate samples of Chinese athletes. The AMQ is a 3-factor measure designed to assess mindfulness that reflects...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Shanghai University of Sport
2017
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6189008/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30356584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.09.010 |
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author | Zhang, Chun-Qing Chung, Pak-Kwong Si, Gangyan |
author_facet | Zhang, Chun-Qing Chung, Pak-Kwong Si, Gangyan |
author_sort | Zhang, Chun-Qing |
collection | PubMed |
description | PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a sport-specific mindfulness measure, the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire (AMQ), through 5 related studies using 4 separate samples of Chinese athletes. The AMQ is a 3-factor measure designed to assess mindfulness that reflects present-moment attention, awareness, and acceptance in a sport context. METHODS: In Study 1, an initial pool of items was generated based on previous literature, existing mindfulness scales, as well as interviews with and feedback from the athletes, coaches, and mindfulness experts. Initial support for the 3-factor structure of the AMQ was established via exploratory factor analysis in Study 2, and cross-validated through confirmatory factor analysis in Studies 3 and 4. In Study 5, a modified 3-factor AMQ with direct-worded acceptance items was examined in a fourth independent sample. RESULTS: Convergent and concurrent validities of the acceptance subscale failed to be established in Studies 3 and 4 which may be due to the inattention and confusion of the athletes whilst interpreting the reverse-worded items. A modified 16-item AMQ in Study 5 displayed satisfactory model fit and acceptable internal consistencies. Most importantly, convergent and concurrent validities of the 16-item AMQ were supported. The 3 subscales showed significant positive associations with mindfulness, flow, well-being, and positive affect and significant negative associations with experiential avoidance, burnout, and negative affect. CONCLUSION: The AMQ is a psychometrically sound measure of mindfulness in a sport context. The importance of using direct-worded acceptance items is discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6189008 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2017 |
publisher | Shanghai University of Sport |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61890082018-10-23 Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire Zhang, Chun-Qing Chung, Pak-Kwong Si, Gangyan J Sport Health Sci Regular paper PURPOSE: The purpose of the current study was to develop and validate a sport-specific mindfulness measure, the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire (AMQ), through 5 related studies using 4 separate samples of Chinese athletes. The AMQ is a 3-factor measure designed to assess mindfulness that reflects present-moment attention, awareness, and acceptance in a sport context. METHODS: In Study 1, an initial pool of items was generated based on previous literature, existing mindfulness scales, as well as interviews with and feedback from the athletes, coaches, and mindfulness experts. Initial support for the 3-factor structure of the AMQ was established via exploratory factor analysis in Study 2, and cross-validated through confirmatory factor analysis in Studies 3 and 4. In Study 5, a modified 3-factor AMQ with direct-worded acceptance items was examined in a fourth independent sample. RESULTS: Convergent and concurrent validities of the acceptance subscale failed to be established in Studies 3 and 4 which may be due to the inattention and confusion of the athletes whilst interpreting the reverse-worded items. A modified 16-item AMQ in Study 5 displayed satisfactory model fit and acceptable internal consistencies. Most importantly, convergent and concurrent validities of the 16-item AMQ were supported. The 3 subscales showed significant positive associations with mindfulness, flow, well-being, and positive affect and significant negative associations with experiential avoidance, burnout, and negative affect. CONCLUSION: The AMQ is a psychometrically sound measure of mindfulness in a sport context. The importance of using direct-worded acceptance items is discussed. Shanghai University of Sport 2017-09 2015-12-14 /pmc/articles/PMC6189008/ /pubmed/30356584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.09.010 Text en © 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Regular paper Zhang, Chun-Qing Chung, Pak-Kwong Si, Gangyan Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title | Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title_full | Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title_fullStr | Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title_short | Assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: The development and initial validation of the Athlete Mindfulness Questionnaire |
title_sort | assessing acceptance in mindfulness with direct-worded items: the development and initial validation of the athlete mindfulness questionnaire |
topic | Regular paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6189008/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30356584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2015.09.010 |
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