Chromatography related performance of the Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA): laboratory and field-based evaluation

Evaluation of the semi-continuous Monitor for AeRosols and GAses in ambient air (MARGA, Metrohm Ap-plikon B.V.) was conducted with an emphasis on examination of accuracy and precision associated with processing of chromatograms. Using laboratory standards and atmospheric measurements, analytical accuracy, precision and method detection limits derived using the commercial MARGA software were compared to an alternative chromatography procedure consisting of a custom Java script to reformat raw MARGA conductivity data and Chromeleon (Thermo Scientific Dionex) software for peak integration. Our analysis revealed issues with accuracy and precision resulting from misidentification and misintegration of chromatograph peaks by the MARGA automated software as well as a systematic bias at low concentrations for anions. Reprocessing and calibration of raw MARGA data using the alternative chromatography method lowered method detection limits and re-duced variability (precision) between parallel sampler boxes. Instrument performance was further evaluated during a 1-month intensive field campaign in the fall of 2014, including analysis of diurnal patterns of gaseous and particulate water-soluble species (NH(3), SO(2), HNO(3), [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (,) gas-to-particle partitioning and particle neutralization state. At ambient concentrations below ~ 1 µg m(–3), concentrations determined using the MARGA software are biased +30 and +10 % for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] , respectively, compared to concentrations determined using the alternative chromatography procedure. Differences between the two methods increase at lower concentrations. We demonstrate that positively biased [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] measurements result in overestimation of aerosol acidity and introduce nontrivial errors to ion balances of inorganic aerosol. Though the source of the bias is uncertain, it is not corrected by the MARGA online single-point internal LiBr standard. Our results show that calibra-tion and verification of instrument accuracy by multilevel external standards is required to adequately control analytical accuracy. During the field intensive, the MARGA was able to capture rapid compositional changes in PM(2.5) due to changes in meteorology and air mass history relative to known source regions of PM precursors, including a fine [Formula: see text] aerosol event associated with intrusion of Arctic air into the southeastern US.