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Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence
Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form....
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199501/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30386367 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01518 |
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author | Reyes-Rivera, Jorge Soto-Hernández, Marcos Canché-Escamilla, Gonzalo Terrazas, Teresa |
author_facet | Reyes-Rivera, Jorge Soto-Hernández, Marcos Canché-Escamilla, Gonzalo Terrazas, Teresa |
author_sort | Reyes-Rivera, Jorge |
collection | PubMed |
description | Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form. Here we studied the lignin structure from different types of woods in four Cactaceae species with different stem morphologies (Pereskia lychnidiflora, tree/fibrous wood; Opuntia streptacantha and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, tree/succulent fibrous wood; Ferocactus hamatacanthus, cylindrical stem/dimorphic wood) in order to determine their relationship with the wood anatomy in an evolutionary-adaptive context. Dioxane lignin was isolated and analyzed by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The main linkages are the β-O−4′ ether (67–85%), the β-β′ resinol (10–26%) and the β-5′ and α-O−4′ linkages of the phenylcoumaran structures (≤7%). Spirodienone structures have a considerable abundance (5%) in the dimorphic wood of F. hamatacanthus. In addition, low contents (≤3%) of α,β-diaryl ether, α-oxidized β-O−4′ ether and dibenzodioxocin structures were found. The sinapyl- and coniferyl acetates are not part of the wood lignin in any of the studied species. The low (≤5%) γ-acetylation in the F. hamatacanthus and P. chrysacanthus wood lignin is here interpreted as an evidence of a high specialization of the wood elements in the conduction/storage of water. The lignin of the studied Cactaceae is composed predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl units (S/G: 0.9–16.4). High abundance of syringyl units (62–94%) in three of the four species is considered as a defense mechanism against oxidative agents, it is a very conspicuous trait in the most succulent species with dimorphic wood. Furthermore, it is also associated with ferulates and the herein called γ-acetylated guaiacyl-syringaresinol complexes acting as nucleation sites for lignification and as cross-links between lignin and carbohydrates at the wide-band tracheid-fiber junctions. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6199501 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-61995012018-11-01 Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence Reyes-Rivera, Jorge Soto-Hernández, Marcos Canché-Escamilla, Gonzalo Terrazas, Teresa Front Plant Sci Plant Science Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form. Here we studied the lignin structure from different types of woods in four Cactaceae species with different stem morphologies (Pereskia lychnidiflora, tree/fibrous wood; Opuntia streptacantha and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, tree/succulent fibrous wood; Ferocactus hamatacanthus, cylindrical stem/dimorphic wood) in order to determine their relationship with the wood anatomy in an evolutionary-adaptive context. Dioxane lignin was isolated and analyzed by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The main linkages are the β-O−4′ ether (67–85%), the β-β′ resinol (10–26%) and the β-5′ and α-O−4′ linkages of the phenylcoumaran structures (≤7%). Spirodienone structures have a considerable abundance (5%) in the dimorphic wood of F. hamatacanthus. In addition, low contents (≤3%) of α,β-diaryl ether, α-oxidized β-O−4′ ether and dibenzodioxocin structures were found. The sinapyl- and coniferyl acetates are not part of the wood lignin in any of the studied species. The low (≤5%) γ-acetylation in the F. hamatacanthus and P. chrysacanthus wood lignin is here interpreted as an evidence of a high specialization of the wood elements in the conduction/storage of water. The lignin of the studied Cactaceae is composed predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl units (S/G: 0.9–16.4). High abundance of syringyl units (62–94%) in three of the four species is considered as a defense mechanism against oxidative agents, it is a very conspicuous trait in the most succulent species with dimorphic wood. Furthermore, it is also associated with ferulates and the herein called γ-acetylated guaiacyl-syringaresinol complexes acting as nucleation sites for lignification and as cross-links between lignin and carbohydrates at the wide-band tracheid-fiber junctions. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-10-17 /pmc/articles/PMC6199501/ /pubmed/30386367 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01518 Text en Copyright © 2018 Reyes-Rivera, Soto-Hernández, Canché-Escamilla and Terrazas. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Plant Science Reyes-Rivera, Jorge Soto-Hernández, Marcos Canché-Escamilla, Gonzalo Terrazas, Teresa Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title | Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title_full | Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title_fullStr | Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title_full_unstemmed | Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title_short | Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence |
title_sort | structural characterization of lignin in four cacti wood: implications of lignification in the growth form and succulence |
topic | Plant Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6199501/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30386367 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01518 |
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