Low skeletal muscle mass in stented esophageal cancer predicts poor survival: A retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND: In esophageal cancer, nutritional challenges are extremely common. Malignant obstruction resulting from esophageal cancer (EC) is often treated by the insertion of expandable stents, but little is known as to the role and evolution of sarcopenia in this patient population. The aim of this article was to determine the effects of body mass parameters on survival of advanced EC patients who received a stent for palliation of malignant obstruction. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of 238 EC patients who had a stent inserted for palliation of malignant obstruction between 2005 and 2013. Skeletal muscle mass was calculated from abdominal computed tomography scans, and the patients were divided into sarcopenic and non‐sarcopenic groups. A follow‐up computed tomography scan was available in 118 patients. The primary outcome was survival, and complication rates and the need for an alternative enteral feeding route were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Sarcopenia occurred in 199 (85%) patients. Median survival was 146 (range: 76–226) days in the sarcopenia group and 152 (range: 71–249) days in the non‐sarcopenic group (P = 0.61). Complication rates between the groups were not significantly different (P = 0.85). In Cox regression analysis, the skeletal muscle index was inversely correlated with overall survival (hazard ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.97–0.99; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia, defined by consensus thresholds, at the time of stent insertion cannot effectively predict poor survival in this patient cohort, but a lower skeletal muscle index correlates with poor prognosis as a continuous variable.