Label-free prediction of three-dimensional fluorescence images from transmitted light microscopy

Understanding cells as integrated systems is a challenge central to modern biology. The different microscopy approaches used to probe biological organization each present limitations, ultimately restricting insight into unified cellular processes. Fluorescence microscopy can resolve subcellular structure in living cells, but is expensive, slow, and toxic. Here, we present a label-free method for predicting 3D fluorescence directly from transmitted light images and demonstrate its use to generate multi-structure, integrated images.