Cargando…

Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier

Despite flaviviruses remaining the leading cause of systemic human infections worldwide, ocular manifestations of these mosquito-transmitted viruses are considered relatively uncommon in part due to under-reporting. However, recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated in causing multiple ocular...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Singh, Sneha, Kumar, Ashok
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2018
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213219/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30274199
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100530
_version_ 1783367719018561536
author Singh, Sneha
Kumar, Ashok
author_facet Singh, Sneha
Kumar, Ashok
author_sort Singh, Sneha
collection PubMed
description Despite flaviviruses remaining the leading cause of systemic human infections worldwide, ocular manifestations of these mosquito-transmitted viruses are considered relatively uncommon in part due to under-reporting. However, recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated in causing multiple ocular abnormalities, such as conjunctivitis, retinal hemorrhages, chorioretinal atrophy, posterior uveitis, optic neuritis, and maculopathies, has rejuvenated a significant interest in understanding the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, including ZIKV, in the eye. In this review, first, we summarize the current knowledge of the major flaviviruses (Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and Japanese Encephalitis) reported to cause ocular manifestations in humans with emphasis on recent ZIKV outbreaks. Second, being an immune privilege organ, the eye is protected from systemic infections by the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRB). Hence, we discuss how flaviviruses modulate retinal innate response and breach the protective BRB to cause ocular or retinal pathology. Finally, we describe recently identified infection signatures of ZIKV and discuss whether these system biology-predicted genes or signaling pathways (e.g., cellular metabolism) could contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations and assist in the development of ocular antiviral therapies against ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-6213219
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2018
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-62132192018-11-09 Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier Singh, Sneha Kumar, Ashok Viruses Review Despite flaviviruses remaining the leading cause of systemic human infections worldwide, ocular manifestations of these mosquito-transmitted viruses are considered relatively uncommon in part due to under-reporting. However, recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated in causing multiple ocular abnormalities, such as conjunctivitis, retinal hemorrhages, chorioretinal atrophy, posterior uveitis, optic neuritis, and maculopathies, has rejuvenated a significant interest in understanding the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, including ZIKV, in the eye. In this review, first, we summarize the current knowledge of the major flaviviruses (Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and Japanese Encephalitis) reported to cause ocular manifestations in humans with emphasis on recent ZIKV outbreaks. Second, being an immune privilege organ, the eye is protected from systemic infections by the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRB). Hence, we discuss how flaviviruses modulate retinal innate response and breach the protective BRB to cause ocular or retinal pathology. Finally, we describe recently identified infection signatures of ZIKV and discuss whether these system biology-predicted genes or signaling pathways (e.g., cellular metabolism) could contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations and assist in the development of ocular antiviral therapies against ZIKV and other flaviviruses. MDPI 2018-09-28 /pmc/articles/PMC6213219/ /pubmed/30274199 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100530 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Singh, Sneha
Kumar, Ashok
Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title_full Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title_fullStr Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title_full_unstemmed Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title_short Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier
title_sort ocular manifestations of emerging flaviviruses and the blood-retinal barrier
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213219/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30274199
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100530
work_keys_str_mv AT singhsneha ocularmanifestationsofemergingflavivirusesandthebloodretinalbarrier
AT kumarashok ocularmanifestationsofemergingflavivirusesandthebloodretinalbarrier