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Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30340338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101537 |
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author | Liu, Yuying Alookaran, Jane J. Rhoads, J. Marc |
author_facet | Liu, Yuying Alookaran, Jane J. Rhoads, J. Marc |
author_sort | Liu, Yuying |
collection | PubMed |
description | Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by these bacteria. At least four metabolic pathways have been implicated in mechanistic studies of probiotics, based on mechanistic studies in animal models. Microbial–immune system crosstalk has been linked to: short-chain fatty acid production and signaling, tryptophan metabolism and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors, nucleoside signaling in the gut, and activation of the intestinal histamine-2 receptor. Several randomized controlled trials have now shown that microbial modification by probiotics may improve gastrointestinal symptoms and multiorgan inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Future work will need to carefully assess safety issues, selection of optimal strains and combinations, and attempts to prolong the duration of colonization of beneficial microbes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6213508 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62135082018-11-06 Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Liu, Yuying Alookaran, Jane J. Rhoads, J. Marc Nutrients Review Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by these bacteria. At least four metabolic pathways have been implicated in mechanistic studies of probiotics, based on mechanistic studies in animal models. Microbial–immune system crosstalk has been linked to: short-chain fatty acid production and signaling, tryptophan metabolism and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors, nucleoside signaling in the gut, and activation of the intestinal histamine-2 receptor. Several randomized controlled trials have now shown that microbial modification by probiotics may improve gastrointestinal symptoms and multiorgan inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Future work will need to carefully assess safety issues, selection of optimal strains and combinations, and attempts to prolong the duration of colonization of beneficial microbes. MDPI 2018-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC6213508/ /pubmed/30340338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101537 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Liu, Yuying Alookaran, Jane J. Rhoads, J. Marc Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title | Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title_full | Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title_fullStr | Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title_full_unstemmed | Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title_short | Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders |
title_sort | probiotics in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213508/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30340338 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10101537 |
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