Diabetic ketoacidosis following PEG-asparaginase therapy

We report a case of a 21-year-old African American female with history of pre-diabetes, and a diagnosis of a rare leukemia, blastic-plasmacytoid dendritic neoplasm (BPDCN), who developed diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) after the third dose of PEG-asparaginase infusion. She was successfully treated with insulin. Asparaginase is a vital part of treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs. Asparaginase therapy has been reported to cause hyperglycemia especially when used in conjunction with glucocorticoids for the treatment of ALL in the pediatric population. Multiple mechanisms for hyperglycemia have been hypothesized which include decreased insulin secretion, impaired insulin receptor function and excess glucagon formation. Hyperglycemia is usually self-limiting but can deteriorate to diabetic ketoacidosis. DKA is a rare adverse effect with asparaginase therapy with an incidence rate of about 0.8%. LEARNING POINTS: DKA is a rare finding following asparaginase therapy. Hyperglycemia is most commonly seen with asparaginase treatment when used along with glucocorticoid. Frequent blood glucose monitoring and prompt initiation of insulin treatment with hyperglycemia can prevent severe complications. Patients and physician education on this complication can reduce morbidity due to DKA.