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Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent
The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is threatened by habitat alteration, fragmentation, and poaching, which have led to a drastic decline of its wild population. Two subspecies of A. porcinus have been described from its distribution range. A. p. porcinus is reported to occur from Pakistan along the Himala...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Nature Publishing Group UK
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218551/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30397218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34482-9 |
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author | Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Kumar, Ajit Angom, Sangeeta Singh, Bhim Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah Tuboi, Chongpi Hussain, Syed Ainul |
author_facet | Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Kumar, Ajit Angom, Sangeeta Singh, Bhim Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah Tuboi, Chongpi Hussain, Syed Ainul |
author_sort | Gupta, Sandeep Kumar |
collection | PubMed |
description | The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is threatened by habitat alteration, fragmentation, and poaching, which have led to a drastic decline of its wild population. Two subspecies of A. porcinus have been described from its distribution range. A. p. porcinus is reported to occur from Pakistan along the Himalayan foothills through Nepal, India and Myanmar, and A. p. annamiticus is found in Thailand, Indo-China, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. However, the current distribution range of A. p. annamiticus is still unclear. We used the partial control region (CR) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and seven microsatellite loci to investigate the intra-species structure, differentiation, and demographic history of hog deer populations from three landscapes, the Terai Arc, Northeast, and Indo-Burma (Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), Manipur, India) landscapes. We also carried out divergence time estimation using the complete mitogenome. The level of variation was ~4%, and the time of divergence of the KLNP population and the other Indian populations was about 0.22 Mya, i.e., during the last glaciation periods of the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene. The KLNP haplotypes of the control region were shared with the Southeast Asian subspecies, A. p. annamiticus. The results of the investigations of the microsatellite loci supported the mtDNA results unambiguously. Two genetically distinct lineages are found in India: one is found from the Terai Arc to Assam (A. p. porcinus) and the other in Manipur (A. p. annamiticus). The genetic diversity in KLNP was low and exhibited a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared with major Indian populations. The Bayesian skyline plots indicated that after a long phase of historic demographic stability, the populations of both the lineages of hog deer suffered pronounced declines during the period from ~800 years BP to 5000 years BP. In summary, our finding provided evidence that the KLNP population is probably a prime, isolated and sustaining stock of A. p. annamiticus and should be managed as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6218551 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62185512018-11-07 Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Kumar, Ajit Angom, Sangeeta Singh, Bhim Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah Tuboi, Chongpi Hussain, Syed Ainul Sci Rep Article The hog deer (Axis porcinus) is threatened by habitat alteration, fragmentation, and poaching, which have led to a drastic decline of its wild population. Two subspecies of A. porcinus have been described from its distribution range. A. p. porcinus is reported to occur from Pakistan along the Himalayan foothills through Nepal, India and Myanmar, and A. p. annamiticus is found in Thailand, Indo-China, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. However, the current distribution range of A. p. annamiticus is still unclear. We used the partial control region (CR) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and seven microsatellite loci to investigate the intra-species structure, differentiation, and demographic history of hog deer populations from three landscapes, the Terai Arc, Northeast, and Indo-Burma (Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), Manipur, India) landscapes. We also carried out divergence time estimation using the complete mitogenome. The level of variation was ~4%, and the time of divergence of the KLNP population and the other Indian populations was about 0.22 Mya, i.e., during the last glaciation periods of the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene. The KLNP haplotypes of the control region were shared with the Southeast Asian subspecies, A. p. annamiticus. The results of the investigations of the microsatellite loci supported the mtDNA results unambiguously. Two genetically distinct lineages are found in India: one is found from the Terai Arc to Assam (A. p. porcinus) and the other in Manipur (A. p. annamiticus). The genetic diversity in KLNP was low and exhibited a higher degree of genetic differentiation compared with major Indian populations. The Bayesian skyline plots indicated that after a long phase of historic demographic stability, the populations of both the lineages of hog deer suffered pronounced declines during the period from ~800 years BP to 5000 years BP. In summary, our finding provided evidence that the KLNP population is probably a prime, isolated and sustaining stock of A. p. annamiticus and should be managed as evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). Nature Publishing Group UK 2018-11-05 /pmc/articles/PMC6218551/ /pubmed/30397218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34482-9 Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Kumar, Ajit Angom, Sangeeta Singh, Bhim Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah Tuboi, Chongpi Hussain, Syed Ainul Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title | Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title_full | Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title_fullStr | Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title_full_unstemmed | Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title_short | Genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the Indian subcontinent |
title_sort | genetic analysis of endangered hog deer (axis porcinus) reveals two distinct lineages from the indian subcontinent |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6218551/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30397218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34482-9 |
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