Heavy Metal Pollution Near a Tannery in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

BACKGROUND. Due to an increase in population density and industrialization, the capital city of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, has been experiencing an increase in environmental pollution; especially soil contamination. Environmental pollutants include solid waste, silt and wastewater coming out of tanneries in three micro districts of the Khan-Uul district of Ulaanbaatar. Among the many types of chemicals these tanneries use, chromium (III) sulfate (Cr(2)(SO(4))(3)) poses the most serious environmental health risk. In addition, the surrounding areas around the tanneries include schools, hospitals and residential buildings, presenting additional risks to the people living and working in this area. OBJECTIVES. The present study aims to identify heavy metal contamination in the tannery area using a portable x-ray fluorescence reader (XRF). METHODS. The study area (112 ha) was divided into 6 zones depending on usage and XRF readings were taken in each zone. RESULTS. Results showed a mean or median lead (Pb) concentration of 2–405 mg/kg (33±2), chromium (Cr) concentration of 18–10,752 mg/kg (685±80), zinc (Zn) concentration of 5–1,316 mg/kg (113±6.5), and arsenic (As) concentration of 0–84 mg/kg (10.2±0.46) Five soil samples were collected from sites where Cr concentrations were extremely elevated and analyzed in two different laboratories to confirm XRF readings. Using the results from XRF readings and two different lab results, heavy metal distribution mapping was produced using geographic information system (GIS) tools, statistical processing tools and pollution indices for each heavy metal were determined using base heavy metals content in the soil. The distribution percentage of each of the heavy metals in the topsoil was 37.7% for Pb, 78.5% for Cr, 43.8% for Zn, and 51.3% for As. DISCUSSION. There are 140 tannery facilities in Mongolia of which 60 processing facilities reside in the Khan-Uul district of Ulaanbaatar. Tanneries use chromium (III) sulfate and other environmentally hazardous chemicals often in tandem with less costly technologies. This increases the amount of wastewater and contaminated silt going onto and into soil. The baseline level of heavy metals content was indicated by 7 XRF readings taken along the side of the Tuul river (relatively untouched soil). The present study shows that the Cr contamination in soil surrounding the tannery area was very high and the main source of the pollutants are wastewater and silt highly contaminated with chromium sulfate originating from the tanneries. CONCLUSIONS. The present study found that the tannery area is heavily contaminated and may pose serious threats to human health, the surrounding environment and underground water resources. In order to reduce the health risk of the people working and living in the study area and remove contamination and rehabilitate the area, further studies are needed to determine heavy metal leakage into soil and underground water and to determine the volume of work needed for neutralization and rehabilitation.