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Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose?
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an indole mainly synthesized from tryptophan in the pineal gland and secreted exclusively during the night in all the animals reported to date. While the pineal gland is the major source responsible for this night rise, it is not at all the exclusive produ...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6222335/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30103453 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081999 |
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author | Mayo, Juan C. Aguado, Arturo Cernuda-Cernuda, Rafael Álvarez-Artime, Alejandro Cepas, Vanesa Quirós-González, Isabel Hevia, David Sáinz, Rosa M. |
author_facet | Mayo, Juan C. Aguado, Arturo Cernuda-Cernuda, Rafael Álvarez-Artime, Alejandro Cepas, Vanesa Quirós-González, Isabel Hevia, David Sáinz, Rosa M. |
author_sort | Mayo, Juan C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an indole mainly synthesized from tryptophan in the pineal gland and secreted exclusively during the night in all the animals reported to date. While the pineal gland is the major source responsible for this night rise, it is not at all the exclusive production site and many other tissues and organs produce melatonin as well. Likewise, melatonin is not restricted to vertebrates, as its presence has been reported in almost all the phyla from protozoa to mammals. Melatonin displays a large set of functions including adaptation to light: dark cycles, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant enzyme modulation, immunomodulatory actions or differentiation–proliferation regulatory effects, among others. However, in addition to those important functions, this evolutionary ‘ancient’ molecule still hides further tools with important cellular implications. The major goal of the present review is to discuss the data and experiments that have addressed the relationship between the indole and glucose. Classically, the pineal gland and a pinealectomy were associated with glucose homeostasis even before melatonin was chemically isolated. Numerous reports have provided the molecular components underlying the regulatory actions of melatonin on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, mainly involving membrane receptors MTNR1A/B, which would be partially responsible for the circadian rhythmicity of insulin in the organism. More recently, a new line of evidence has shown that glucose transporters GLUT/SLC2A are linked to melatonin uptake and its cellular internalization. Beside its binding to membrane receptors, melatonin transportation into the cytoplasm, required for its free radical scavenging abilities, still generates a great deal of debate. Thus, GLUT transporters might constitute at least one of the keys to explain the relationship between glucose and melatonin. These and other potential mechanisms responsible for such interaction are also discussed here. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6222335 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62223352018-11-13 Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? Mayo, Juan C. Aguado, Arturo Cernuda-Cernuda, Rafael Álvarez-Artime, Alejandro Cepas, Vanesa Quirós-González, Isabel Hevia, David Sáinz, Rosa M. Molecules Review Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is an indole mainly synthesized from tryptophan in the pineal gland and secreted exclusively during the night in all the animals reported to date. While the pineal gland is the major source responsible for this night rise, it is not at all the exclusive production site and many other tissues and organs produce melatonin as well. Likewise, melatonin is not restricted to vertebrates, as its presence has been reported in almost all the phyla from protozoa to mammals. Melatonin displays a large set of functions including adaptation to light: dark cycles, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant enzyme modulation, immunomodulatory actions or differentiation–proliferation regulatory effects, among others. However, in addition to those important functions, this evolutionary ‘ancient’ molecule still hides further tools with important cellular implications. The major goal of the present review is to discuss the data and experiments that have addressed the relationship between the indole and glucose. Classically, the pineal gland and a pinealectomy were associated with glucose homeostasis even before melatonin was chemically isolated. Numerous reports have provided the molecular components underlying the regulatory actions of melatonin on insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells, mainly involving membrane receptors MTNR1A/B, which would be partially responsible for the circadian rhythmicity of insulin in the organism. More recently, a new line of evidence has shown that glucose transporters GLUT/SLC2A are linked to melatonin uptake and its cellular internalization. Beside its binding to membrane receptors, melatonin transportation into the cytoplasm, required for its free radical scavenging abilities, still generates a great deal of debate. Thus, GLUT transporters might constitute at least one of the keys to explain the relationship between glucose and melatonin. These and other potential mechanisms responsible for such interaction are also discussed here. MDPI 2018-08-10 /pmc/articles/PMC6222335/ /pubmed/30103453 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081999 Text en © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Mayo, Juan C. Aguado, Arturo Cernuda-Cernuda, Rafael Álvarez-Artime, Alejandro Cepas, Vanesa Quirós-González, Isabel Hevia, David Sáinz, Rosa M. Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title | Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title_full | Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title_fullStr | Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title_full_unstemmed | Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title_short | Melatonin Uptake by Cells: An Answer to Its Relationship with Glucose? |
title_sort | melatonin uptake by cells: an answer to its relationship with glucose? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6222335/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30103453 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081999 |
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