Use of Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression to examine the effect of distance on Tuberculosis incidence: A case study in Nam Dinh, Vietnam

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the potential of combining routine tuberculosis (TB) surveillance and demographic and socioeconomic variables into the Geographic Information System (GIS) to describe the geographical distribution of TB notified incidence in relation to distances to health services as well as local demographic and socioeconomic factors, including population density, urban/rural status, and household poverty rates in Nam Dinh, Vietnam. It also aimed to compare the conventional Generalized Linear Models (GLM) Poisson regression model and Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (GWPR) models in order to determine the best fitting model that can be used to investigate the relationship between TB notified incidence and distances and the social risk factors. METHODS: The data of new and relapse patients with all forms of TB aged ≥15 years residing in Nam Dinh (Vietnam) from 2012 to 2015 were collected from the Administration of Medical Services’ (Ministry of Health of Vietnam) TB surveillance database. Data on the population and household poverty rates from 2012 to 2015 were gathered from the Nam Dinh Statistical Office. Distances between communes and the nearest TB diagnostic facilities in districts were computed. The TB notified incidence per 100,000 population was denoted by indirect age and sex standardized incidence ratio. GLM Poisson regression and GWPR were performed to assess the relationship between distance and TB incidence. RESULTS: The average notified TB incidence level measured from 2012 to 2015 is 82 per 100,000 population (range: 79-84/100,000). The distance to the nearest TB diagnosis presents a negative effect on TB notified incidence. By capturing spatial heterogeneity, the GWPR may be better at fitting data (corrected Aikake information criterion [AICc] = 245.71, residual deviance = 221.12) than the traditional GLM (AICc = 251.53, residual deviance = 241.21) CONCLUSIONS: GIS technologies benefit TB surveillance system. Distances should be considered when planning methods of improving access for those who live far from TB diagnostic services, thereby improving TB detection. Additional studies must confirm the association between geographic distance and TB case detection and must explore other factors that may affect TB notified incidence.