E2F2 directly regulates the STAT1 and PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathways to exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts

BACKGROUND: Expression of E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2), a transcription factor related to the cell cycle, is abnormally high in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). Deregulated expression of E2F2 leads to abnormal production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in RASFs. However, the underlying mechanism by which E2F2 regulates expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to elucidate this mechanism and confirm the pathological roles of E2F2 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: E2f2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were injected with collagen to induce RA. Cytokine production was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot and qRT-PCR were performed to evaluate the effect of E2F2 on signaling pathway activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR and luciferase assays were used to detect the transcriptional activity of target genes of E2F2. Nuclear translocation of STAT1 and p65 were assayed by Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and immunofluorescence experiments. RESULTS: The occurrence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis were decreased in E2f2-KO mice compared with WT mice. The expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α was also suppressed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from E2f2-KO mice and RASFs with E2F2 knocked down. Mechanistically, we found that E2F2 can upregulate the expression of STAT1 and MyD88 through direct binding to their promoters, facilitate the formation of STAT1/MyD88 complexes, and consequently activate AKT. However, silencing STAT1/MyD88 or inactivating AKT significantly attenuated the induction of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α caused by the introduction of E2F2. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the pathological role of E2F2 in RA and found that the E2F2-STAT1/MyD88-Akt axis is closely related with the inflammatory phenotype in RASFs.