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Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises
Inhalant anesthesia is challenging in chelonians due to a great capacity for breath-holding and an incomplete separation of the cardiac ventricle. Deoxygenated blood can recirculate back into systemic circulation by bypassing the lung in a process referred to as intracardiac right to left (R-L) shun...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244002/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30459408 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35588-w |
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author | Greunz, Eva Maria Williams, Catherine Ringgaard, Steffen Hansen, Kasper Wang, Tobias Bertelsen, Mads Frost |
author_facet | Greunz, Eva Maria Williams, Catherine Ringgaard, Steffen Hansen, Kasper Wang, Tobias Bertelsen, Mads Frost |
author_sort | Greunz, Eva Maria |
collection | PubMed |
description | Inhalant anesthesia is challenging in chelonians due to a great capacity for breath-holding and an incomplete separation of the cardiac ventricle. Deoxygenated blood can recirculate back into systemic circulation by bypassing the lung in a process referred to as intracardiac right to left (R-L) shunting. Via electrocardiogram gated magnetic resonance imaging, a novel modality to investigate arterial flows in reptiles, intracardiac shunting and its elimination via atropine during gas anesthesia in tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) was demonstrated. The great vessels of the heart were visualized confirming that after shunt-elimination, the flow (mean ± sd) in the pulmonary arteries increased significantly (54.6 ± 9.5 mL min(−1) kg(−1) vs 10.8 ± 3.4 mL min(−1) kg(−1); P < 0.008). Consequently, animals required significantly lower concentrations of inhaled anesthetics to maintain a stable anesthesia. To that end, the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane needed to maintain surgical anesthesia was measured. A significantly lower MAC was found after administration of atropine (mean MAC ± sd 2.2 ± 0.3% vs 3.2 ± 0.4%; P < 0.002). Previously, MAC has been indeterminable in chelonians likely due to intracardiac shunting, so this report constitutes the first MAC study performed in a tortoise. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6244002 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62440022018-11-27 Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises Greunz, Eva Maria Williams, Catherine Ringgaard, Steffen Hansen, Kasper Wang, Tobias Bertelsen, Mads Frost Sci Rep Article Inhalant anesthesia is challenging in chelonians due to a great capacity for breath-holding and an incomplete separation of the cardiac ventricle. Deoxygenated blood can recirculate back into systemic circulation by bypassing the lung in a process referred to as intracardiac right to left (R-L) shunting. Via electrocardiogram gated magnetic resonance imaging, a novel modality to investigate arterial flows in reptiles, intracardiac shunting and its elimination via atropine during gas anesthesia in tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) was demonstrated. The great vessels of the heart were visualized confirming that after shunt-elimination, the flow (mean ± sd) in the pulmonary arteries increased significantly (54.6 ± 9.5 mL min(−1) kg(−1) vs 10.8 ± 3.4 mL min(−1) kg(−1); P < 0.008). Consequently, animals required significantly lower concentrations of inhaled anesthetics to maintain a stable anesthesia. To that end, the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane needed to maintain surgical anesthesia was measured. A significantly lower MAC was found after administration of atropine (mean MAC ± sd 2.2 ± 0.3% vs 3.2 ± 0.4%; P < 0.002). Previously, MAC has been indeterminable in chelonians likely due to intracardiac shunting, so this report constitutes the first MAC study performed in a tortoise. Nature Publishing Group UK 2018-11-20 /pmc/articles/PMC6244002/ /pubmed/30459408 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35588-w Text en © The Author(s) 2018 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Article Greunz, Eva Maria Williams, Catherine Ringgaard, Steffen Hansen, Kasper Wang, Tobias Bertelsen, Mads Frost Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title | Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title_full | Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title_fullStr | Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title_full_unstemmed | Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title_short | Elimination of Intracardiac Shunting Provides Stable Gas Anesthesia in Tortoises |
title_sort | elimination of intracardiac shunting provides stable gas anesthesia in tortoises |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6244002/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30459408 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35588-w |
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