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The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development
During early development the structure and function of the cerebral cortex is critically organized by subplate neurons (SPNs), a mostly transient population of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons located below the cortical plate. At the molecular and morphological level SPNs represent a rather diver...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6246655/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30487739 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2018.00097 |
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author | Luhmann, Heiko J. Kirischuk, Sergei Kilb, Werner |
author_facet | Luhmann, Heiko J. Kirischuk, Sergei Kilb, Werner |
author_sort | Luhmann, Heiko J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | During early development the structure and function of the cerebral cortex is critically organized by subplate neurons (SPNs), a mostly transient population of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons located below the cortical plate. At the molecular and morphological level SPNs represent a rather diverse population of cells expressing a variety of genetic markers and revealing different axonal-dendritic morphologies. Electrophysiologically SPNs are characterized by their rather mature intrinsic membrane properties and firing patterns. They are connected via electrical and chemical synapses to local and remote neurons, e.g., thalamic relay neurons forming the first thalamocortical input to the cerebral cortex. Therefore SPNs are robustly activated at pre- and perinatal stages by the sensory periphery. Although SPNs play pivotal roles in early neocortical activity, development and plasticity, they mostly disappear by programmed cell death during further maturation. On the one hand, SPNs may be selectively vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia contributing to brain damage, on the other hand there is some evidence that enhanced survival rates or alterations in SPN distribution may contribute to the etiology of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This review aims to give a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the many functions of SPNs during early physiological and pathophysiological development of the cerebral cortex. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6246655 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62466552018-11-28 The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development Luhmann, Heiko J. Kirischuk, Sergei Kilb, Werner Front Neuroanat Neuroanatomy During early development the structure and function of the cerebral cortex is critically organized by subplate neurons (SPNs), a mostly transient population of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons located below the cortical plate. At the molecular and morphological level SPNs represent a rather diverse population of cells expressing a variety of genetic markers and revealing different axonal-dendritic morphologies. Electrophysiologically SPNs are characterized by their rather mature intrinsic membrane properties and firing patterns. They are connected via electrical and chemical synapses to local and remote neurons, e.g., thalamic relay neurons forming the first thalamocortical input to the cerebral cortex. Therefore SPNs are robustly activated at pre- and perinatal stages by the sensory periphery. Although SPNs play pivotal roles in early neocortical activity, development and plasticity, they mostly disappear by programmed cell death during further maturation. On the one hand, SPNs may be selectively vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia contributing to brain damage, on the other hand there is some evidence that enhanced survival rates or alterations in SPN distribution may contribute to the etiology of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This review aims to give a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the many functions of SPNs during early physiological and pathophysiological development of the cerebral cortex. Frontiers Media S.A. 2018-11-14 /pmc/articles/PMC6246655/ /pubmed/30487739 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2018.00097 Text en Copyright © 2018 Luhmann, Kirischuk and Kilb. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroanatomy Luhmann, Heiko J. Kirischuk, Sergei Kilb, Werner The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title | The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title_full | The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title_fullStr | The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title_full_unstemmed | The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title_short | The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development |
title_sort | superior function of the subplate in early neocortical development |
topic | Neuroanatomy |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6246655/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30487739 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2018.00097 |
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