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Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival
BACKGROUND: Conditional differentiation is one of the most fundamental drivers of biodiversity. Competitive entities (usually species) differ in environmental or ecological niche enabling them to co-exist. Conditional differentiation of haploid and diploid generations is considered to be a requireme...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2018
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247624/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30458728 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1285-z |
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author | Vieira, Vasco M. N. C. S. Engelen, Aschwin H. Huanel, Oscar R. Guillemin, Marie-Laure |
author_facet | Vieira, Vasco M. N. C. S. Engelen, Aschwin H. Huanel, Oscar R. Guillemin, Marie-Laure |
author_sort | Vieira, Vasco M. N. C. S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Conditional differentiation is one of the most fundamental drivers of biodiversity. Competitive entities (usually species) differ in environmental or ecological niche enabling them to co-exist. Conditional differentiation of haploid and diploid generations is considered to be a requirement for the evolutionary stability of isomorphic biphasic life-cycles and the cause for the natural occurrence of both phases at uneven abundances. Theoretically, stage dependent survival rates are the most efficient way to explain conditional differentiation. RESULTS: We tested for conditional differentiation in survival rates among life stages (haploid males, haploid females, and diploids) of Gracilaria chilensis, an intertidal red alga occurring along the Chilean shores. Therefore, the fate of individuals was followed periodically for 3 years in five intertidal pools and, for the first time in isomorphic red algae, a composite model of the instantaneous survival rates was applied. The results showed the survival dependency on density (both competition and Allee effects), fertility, age, size, season and location, as well as the differentiation among stages for the survival dependencies of these factors. The young haploid females survived more than the young of the other stages under Allee effects during the environmentally stressful season at the more exposed locations, and under self-thinning during the active growth season. Furthermore, fertile haploid females had a higher survival than fertile haploid males or fertile diploids. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show a survival advantage of haploids over diploids. The haploid females probably optimize their resource management targeting structural and physiological adaptations that significantly enhance survival under harsher conditions. In a companion paper we demonstrate a fertility advantage of diploids over haploids. Together, the survival and fertility differentiation support the evolution and prevalence of biphasic life-cycles. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1285-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6247624 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2018 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-62476242018-11-26 Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival Vieira, Vasco M. N. C. S. Engelen, Aschwin H. Huanel, Oscar R. Guillemin, Marie-Laure BMC Evol Biol Research Article BACKGROUND: Conditional differentiation is one of the most fundamental drivers of biodiversity. Competitive entities (usually species) differ in environmental or ecological niche enabling them to co-exist. Conditional differentiation of haploid and diploid generations is considered to be a requirement for the evolutionary stability of isomorphic biphasic life-cycles and the cause for the natural occurrence of both phases at uneven abundances. Theoretically, stage dependent survival rates are the most efficient way to explain conditional differentiation. RESULTS: We tested for conditional differentiation in survival rates among life stages (haploid males, haploid females, and diploids) of Gracilaria chilensis, an intertidal red alga occurring along the Chilean shores. Therefore, the fate of individuals was followed periodically for 3 years in five intertidal pools and, for the first time in isomorphic red algae, a composite model of the instantaneous survival rates was applied. The results showed the survival dependency on density (both competition and Allee effects), fertility, age, size, season and location, as well as the differentiation among stages for the survival dependencies of these factors. The young haploid females survived more than the young of the other stages under Allee effects during the environmentally stressful season at the more exposed locations, and under self-thinning during the active growth season. Furthermore, fertile haploid females had a higher survival than fertile haploid males or fertile diploids. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show a survival advantage of haploids over diploids. The haploid females probably optimize their resource management targeting structural and physiological adaptations that significantly enhance survival under harsher conditions. In a companion paper we demonstrate a fertility advantage of diploids over haploids. Together, the survival and fertility differentiation support the evolution and prevalence of biphasic life-cycles. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1285-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2018-11-20 /pmc/articles/PMC6247624/ /pubmed/30458728 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1285-z Text en © The Author(s). 2018 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Vieira, Vasco M. N. C. S. Engelen, Aschwin H. Huanel, Oscar R. Guillemin, Marie-Laure Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title | Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title_full | Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title_fullStr | Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title_full_unstemmed | Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title_short | Haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of Gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
title_sort | haploid females in the isomorphic biphasic life-cycle of gracilaria chilensis excel in survival |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6247624/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30458728 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1285-z |
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