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Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation

Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer l...

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Autores principales: Chaurio, Ricardo A., Janko, Christina, Muñoz, Luis E., Frey, Benjamin, Herrmann, Martin, Gaipl, Udo S.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Molecular Diversity Preservation International 2009
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6255253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032867
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules14124892
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author Chaurio, Ricardo A.
Janko, Christina
Muñoz, Luis E.
Frey, Benjamin
Herrmann, Martin
Gaipl, Udo S.
author_facet Chaurio, Ricardo A.
Janko, Christina
Muñoz, Luis E.
Frey, Benjamin
Herrmann, Martin
Gaipl, Udo S.
author_sort Chaurio, Ricardo A.
collection PubMed
description Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed.
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spelling pubmed-62552532018-11-30 Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation Chaurio, Ricardo A. Janko, Christina Muñoz, Luis E. Frey, Benjamin Herrmann, Martin Gaipl, Udo S. Molecules Review Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed. Molecular Diversity Preservation International 2009-11-30 /pmc/articles/PMC6255253/ /pubmed/20032867 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules14124892 Text en © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Chaurio, Ricardo A.
Janko, Christina
Muñoz, Luis E.
Frey, Benjamin
Herrmann, Martin
Gaipl, Udo S.
Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title_full Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title_fullStr Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title_full_unstemmed Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title_short Phospholipids: Key Players in Apoptosis and Immune Regulation
title_sort phospholipids: key players in apoptosis and immune regulation
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6255253/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20032867
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules14124892
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