Endothelial colony‐forming cell therapy for heart morphological changes after neonatal high oxygen exposure in rats, a model of complications of prematurity

Very preterm birth is associated with increased cardiovascular diseases and changes in myocardial structure. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of endothelial colony‐forming cell (ECFC) treatment on heart morphological changes in the experimental model of neonatal high oxygen (O(2))‐induced cardiomyopathy, mimicking prematurity‐related conditions. Sprague–Dawley rat pups exposed to 95% O(2) or room air (RA) from day 4 (P4) to day 14 (P14) were randomized to receive (jugular vein) exogenous human cord blood ECFC or vehicle at P14 (n = 5 RA‐vehicle, n = 8 RA‐ECFC, n = 8 O(2)‐vehicle and n = 7 O(2)‐ECFC) and the hearts collected at P28. Body and heart weights and heart to body weight ratio did not differ between groups. ECFC treatment prevented the increase in cardiomyocyte surface area in both the left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles of the O(2) group (O(2)‐ECFC vs. O(2)‐vehicle LV: 121 ± 13 vs. 179 ± 21 μm(2), RV: 118 ± 12 vs. 169 ± 21 μm(2)). In O(2) rats, ECFC treatment was also associated with a significant reduction in interstitial fibrosis in both ventricles (O(2)‐ECFC vs. O(2)‐vehicle LV: 1.07 ± 0.47 vs. 1.68 ± 0.41% of surface area, RV: 1.01 ± 0.74 vs. 1.77 ± 0.67%) and in perivascular fibrosis in the LV (2.29 ± 0.47 vs. 3.85 ± 1.23%) but in not the RV (1.95 ± 0.95 vs. 2.74 ± 1.14), and with increased expression of angiogenesis marker CD31. ECFC treatment had no effect on cardiomyocyte surface area or on tissue fibrosis of RA rats. Human cord blood ECFC treatment prevented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial and perivascular fibrosis observed after neonatal high O(2) exposure. ECFC could constitute a new regenerative therapy against cardiac sequelae caused by deleterious conditions of prematurity.